This study was conducted as a prospective cross-sectional evaluationof children attending kindergarten through fifth grade in the bi-state (Kansas/Missouri) Kansas City metropolitan area. In total, 44 primary schools participated in this investigation. Study investigators visited all of the schools in a 4-month period from September 2008 through January 2009. Fungal scalp samples were obtained from each child who agreed to participate in a broader health-screening assessment that included physical examination,vision and hearing testing, and dental evaluation.