For example, most studies of social distance (a measureof behavioral response) use a self-report scale about a citi-zen’s willingness to affiliate with a person with mental ill-ness (Link et al., 1987; Penn et al., 1994). The self-reportis not validated by observations of actual behaviors. Rei-senzein’s (1986) study that empirically supported the pathbetween uncontrollability attributions, pity, and helpingbehavior measured the behavior using self-report, Likert-rated items such as “How likely is it that you would helpthat person?” Similarly, research that supported a relation-ship between controllability attributions, anger, andaggressive retaliation are based on statements about thebest way to punish O. J. Simpson (Graham et al., 1997).Self-reports about how the person might respond are notequal to observation of their actual behavior.A few studies have measured behavioral response tomental illness stigma. One method examined the qualityof relationships between research participants and personslabeled as mentally ill. Research participants were ran-domly assigned to complete a memory task with twoconfederates (Piner & Kahle, 1984). In condition 1, con-federates talked about how they had met in a general hos-pital where they were being treated for physical injuries