2. Transportation, water monitoring, and fish care
The researchers have proposed several technological solutions that could help to partially solve the challenges and problems related to water monitoring and fish care during the transportation of live fish. Several researchers developed systems for real-time water quality monitoring and alerting. These systems monitor variables such as dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, and temperature through sensing nodes. Fish farms usually applied this kind of systems for intensive aquaculture activities. For example, the system architecture developed by Zhu et al. [9] combines a webserver-embedded platform with mobile telecommunication technologies for wireless monitoring of water. Furthermore, they used historical data to train an artificial neural network model to forecasts dissolved oxygen. Espinosa-Faller et al. [10] developed a wireless sensor network for monitoring a set of water-quality parameters in a recirculating system. This system provides alarms to the system administrator when the water-parameter reach a reference limit. Ramya et al. [11] developed a pollution detection system to alert the system administrator when key water-quality parameters of underground and fish pond water quality are out of range.
Other systems, besides its monitoring and alerting functions, use control facilities to maintain an adequate water quality. Hua et al. [12] designed a monitor and control system of water-quality parameters based on wireless sensor networks. This system performs intelligent remote monitoring and control tasks using a feedforward decoupling method of a multivariable fuzzy control system and backpropagation algorithm to achieve online decoupling. Ding et al.[13]designedawirelessnodetocontrolaeratorsbasedon wireless sensor networks. They built a recirculation platform using a control device that contains several components. Huan et al. [14] developed an application for a wireless network and an Android platform that interacts with an advanced control system that regulates an aerator, a drainage pump, and a water pump.