with selection of the correct blend of saturated and unsaturated
monoglyceride. SFC can easily be regulated via the presence of CB
in the samples. Vernier [30] showed that these glycerol fatty acid
esters increased plastic viscosity through less efficient coverage of
sugar particles, thus leading to greater friction and viscose. CB has
a distinct texture due to unique interactions of polymorphic lipid
structures. Brunello et al. [31] found that polymorphism, via its
effects on the microstructure of the material, strongly influenced
rheological properties. From the structural description, it seems
that the interactions among microstructural elements in molecular
arrangement of spreads have been affected by increasing CB concentration
in the different formulations causing viscosity increase
(Fig. 3a). Fig. 3b shows that increasing PO concentration drastically
resulted in lower viscosity. It may be due to the high concentrations
of monounsaturated (oleic) and polyunsaturated (linoleic) fatty
acids and lower SFC values at higher PO levels. The instrumental
firmness of dark chocolate spreads, which significantly affected by
viscosity, decreased remarkably by increasing hazelnut oil content
due to the changes of SFC values [32]. On the other hand, Radoˇcaj
et al. [33] reported that the viscosity of spreads based on hemp oil
(HO) increased with increasing HO content. This discrepancy might
be attributed to differences in the values of SFC between these
spreads because the HO has much higher content of the saturated
fatty acids (SFAs) than PO which can interact with the stabilizer
crystals (a blend of saturated oils) forming a firmer structure. Glibowski
et al. [34] also found that the fat partial replacement with oil
content caused significant decrease in the spread viscosity. Fig. 3a
and b reveals that the lowest value for viscosity was observed when
the spread was formulated with lower levels of XG (0%, w/w), DMG
(0.5%, w/w) and CB (7.5%, w/w) and higher PO (15%, w/w) content.
Sample H showed the least viscosity among all of the spreads
(Table 3). From a technological point of view, it might be concluded
that the sample H is an ideal spread due to its viscosity similarity
to two commercial spreads (samples Q and R).
with selection of the correct blend of saturated and unsaturatedmonoglyceride. SFC can easily be regulated via the presence of CBin the samples. Vernier [30] showed that these glycerol fatty acidesters increased plastic viscosity through less efficient coverage ofsugar particles, thus leading to greater friction and viscose. CB hasa distinct texture due to unique interactions of polymorphic lipidstructures. Brunello et al. [31] found that polymorphism, via itseffects on the microstructure of the material, strongly influencedrheological properties. From the structural description, it seemsthat the interactions among microstructural elements in moleculararrangement of spreads have been affected by increasing CB concentrationin the different formulations causing viscosity increase(Fig. 3a). Fig. 3b shows that increasing PO concentration drasticallyresulted in lower viscosity. It may be due to the high concentrationsof monounsaturated (oleic) and polyunsaturated (linoleic) fattyacids and lower SFC values at higher PO levels. The instrumentalfirmness of dark chocolate spreads, which significantly affected byviscosity, decreased remarkably by increasing hazelnut oil contentdue to the changes of SFC values [32]. On the other hand, Radoˇcajet al. [33] reported that the viscosity of spreads based on hemp oil(HO) increased with increasing HO content. This discrepancy mightbe attributed to differences in the values of SFC between thesespreads because the HO has much higher content of the saturatedfatty acids (SFAs) than PO which can interact with the stabilizercrystals (a blend of saturated oils) forming a firmer structure. Glibowskiet al. [34] also found that the fat partial replacement with oilcontent caused significant decrease in the spread viscosity. Fig. 3aand b reveals that the lowest value for viscosity was observed whenthe spread was formulated with lower levels of XG (0%, w/w), DMG(0.5%, w/w) and CB (7.5%, w/w) and higher PO (15%, w/w) content.Sample H showed the least viscosity among all of the spreads(Table 3). From a technological point of view, it might be concludedthat the sample H is an ideal spread due to its viscosity similarityto two commercial spreads (samples Q and R).
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..