NLP method does not consider expenses in the reserve calculations and at the end of the first policy year the life insurance companies would usually have a negative net income (See table 4 below).
In order to 1) include expenses in reserve calculation and also 2) address negative net income issue at the end of the first policy year caused by heavy first year expenses for underwriting life insurance policies, modified reserve methods with expense allowance, such as Full‐Preliminary Term Method (FPT), were used.