Phase 2 : Secondary Motivational Systems : Family-Centered Learning
One by one, aspect of the undisciplined life of the infant become subject to the rigors of parental training. Socialization begins to take place during this second phase, covering the early childhood period; the time between the second half of the child's first year and the age he enters school. During this period, his primary needs continue to motivate him. However, these are gradually incorporated into repeatedly reinforced social learning, or secondary drives. Henceforth, these secondary drives will be his main motives to action unless his social environment fails to provide the necessary reinforcement. To illustrate, the child's hunger no longer depends entirely upon the contraction of his stomach, but becomes associated with the sight of such symbolic cues as the bottle or his mother opening the refrigerator. The mother continues to be the major reinforcing agent during the early stages of this phase; she perceives behavior which should be changed and she establishes standards for more mature forms of actions. First, however, she must instill in the child a desire to become socialized. If she accomplishes this successfully, the child's learned drive toward accepted social behavior will lead him in the direction of more mature activity and response. The child becomes aware that his personal happiness depends upon his readiness to do as he is expected and, eventually, his actions become self-motivated. He tends to incorporate actions which bring satisfaction to him and are significantly satisfying to his parents.
Phase 2 : Secondary Motivational Systems : Family-Centered LearningOne by one, aspect of the undisciplined life of the infant become subject to the rigors of parental training. Socialization begins to take place during this second phase, covering the early childhood period; the time between the second half of the child's first year and the age he enters school. During this period, his primary needs continue to motivate him. However, these are gradually incorporated into repeatedly reinforced social learning, or secondary drives. Henceforth, these secondary drives will be his main motives to action unless his social environment fails to provide the necessary reinforcement. To illustrate, the child's hunger no longer depends entirely upon the contraction of his stomach, but becomes associated with the sight of such symbolic cues as the bottle or his mother opening the refrigerator. The mother continues to be the major reinforcing agent during the early stages of this phase; she perceives behavior which should be changed and she establishes standards for more mature forms of actions. First, however, she must instill in the child a desire to become socialized. If she accomplishes this successfully, the child's learned drive toward accepted social behavior will lead him in the direction of more mature activity and response. The child becomes aware that his personal happiness depends upon his readiness to do as he is expected and, eventually, his actions become self-motivated. He tends to incorporate actions which bring satisfaction to him and are significantly satisfying to his parents.
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