The economic subjects responsible for innovations were entrepreneur. Schumpeter thought that relatively few people in any society tried to change customary practices and introduce new things. Entrepreneurs were dynamic, energetic leaders distinguished by will rather than intelligence. And rather than hedonism as the basis of economic rationality (the pursuit of pleasure, the avoidance of pain), Schumpeter thought that dynamic analysis required a fundamentally different kind of entrepreneurial rationalism based on the will to found a new domain, the will to conquer and fight, or the joy of creating new things (there are similarities here with the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche's rejection of utilitarianism and advocacy of power and will). Schumpeter thought further that creativity could not be predicted from previous facts, that creativity shaped the course of future events, and yet that creativity was an enigma. Even so, economics had to deal with psychology and human motivation at a different level than everyday utilitarianism.