Effectiveness in the studies was mostly defined as student retention and improved learning. Five studies will be discussed: SRI evaluation of Gates Foundation funded projects, including ALMAP, Arizona State University and Knewton report on their math readiness course, University of Central Florida report on an implementation of Realizeit software for psychology and physiopathology courses, University of New South Wales report on an implementation of Smart Sparrow software for an engineering mechanics, and an undisclosed university implementation of undisclosed software for a digital literacy course.