Table 3. Logistic regression PM10 coefficients (standard errors) × 100 for alternative lags and moving averages.
Lower respiratory symptoms Upper respiratory symptoms
PM10 lag or Odean Circle Odean Circle
moving average adultsa Nursesb Childrenc adultsa Nursesb Childrenc
Same day 0.59*** 0.20* 0.41*** 0.78*** 0.23* 0.37**
(0.08) (0.09) (0.10) (0.08) (0.09) (0.10)
Lag 1 day 0.46*** 0.16 0.35*** 0.61*** 0.26** 0.36***
(0.08) (0.09) (0.09) (0.08) (0.09) (0.09)
Lag 2 days 0.48*** 0.14 0.20* 0.61*** 0.27** 0.31***
(0.08) (0.09) (0.08) (0.08) (0.09) (0.08)
Lag 3 days 0.41*** 0.11 0.11 0.52*** 0.26** 0.19*
(0.08) (0.09) (0.08) (0.08) (0.09) (0.08)
2-Day moving average 0.65*** 0.20* 0.48*** 0.85*** 0.29** 0.46***
(0.09) (0.10) (0.11) (0.09) (0.10) (0.11)
3-Day moving average 0.79*** 0.23* 0.52*** 1.05*** 0.37*** 0.55***
(0.10) (0.11) (0.11) (0.10) (0.11) (0.11)
4-Day moving average 0.89*** 0.27* 0.56*** 1.14*** 0.45*** 0.61***
(0.11) (0.12) (0.12) (0.11) (0.12) (0.12)
aOdean Circle adults model includes daily average temperature (same day), age, sex, educational level, having a chronic respiratory
condition, and having no air conditioning in the home. bNurses model includes daily average temperature (same day), age, and having
a chronic respiratory condition. cSchoolchildren model includes daily average temperature (same day), daily average humidity (same
day), age, sex, having a chronic respiratory condition, and having no air conditioning in the home.
* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.
Table 4. Basic model and sensitivity analysis results (odds ratios and 95% CIs for 45 μg/m3 change in PM10).
Lower respiratory Upper respiratory
Modela Odean Circle adults Nurses Children Odean Circle adults Nurses Children
Basic model without 1.66 1.22 1.22 1.94 1.35 1.31
weather variables (1.52–1.82) (1.10–1.36) (1.11–1.35) (1.77–2.12) (1.22–1.48) (1.19–1.44)
Basic model with 1.49 1.13 1.29 1.67 1.22 1.32
weather variables (1.35–1.64) (1.02–1.26) (1.16–1.43) (1.52–1.84) (1.10–1.36) (1.18–1.46)
Add symptom 1.51 1.12 1.26 1.38 1.11 1.14
yesterday (1.37–1.67) (1.01–1.25) (1.14–1.40) (1.24–1.53) (0.98–1.27) (0.97–1.34)
Omit high (25%) 1.56 1.22 1.66 1.56 1.26 1.53
temperature days (1.38–1.77) (1.08–1.38) (1.40–1.96) (1.38–1.77) (1.12–1.43) (1.30–1.81)
Omit low (25%) 1.38 1.12 1.15 1.51 1.17 1.21
temperature days (1.23–1.54) (0.98–1.28) (1.03–1.29) (1.33–1.70) (1.03–1.32) (1.08–1.36)
Limit to new 1.43 1.27 1.08 1.56 1.31 0.99
symptom days (1.24–1.65) (1.05–1.54) (0.87–1.33) (1.36–1.80) (1.09–1.58) (0.78–1.25)
Fixed-effects modelb 1.53 1.10 1.13 1.69 1.19 1.10
(1.36–1.71) (0.98–1.24) (1.05–1.23) (1.49–1.91) (1.05–1.34) (1.02–1.18)