The area of the entire stained region or stained intensely-rooted zone in the vertical soil section parallel to crop lines increased by 70–102% or 88–111% in RF and increased more prominently by 155–189% or 193–238% in RMRF across three simulation durations, compared to that in the FP treatment (Table 4). The RF or FMRF treatment increased the percentage of stained intensely-rooted zone over the entire stained region across simulation durations compared to the FP treatment; however, the increase magnitude was mulch smaller than that of the area of either the entire stained region or stained intensely-rooted zone in RF and RMRF than in the FP treatment (Table 4). The increasing rainfall simulation duration also increased the areas of the entire stained region and stained intensely-rooted zone, respectively, across different treatments (Table 4).