Milk fluoridation programs in Russia started in 1993 as a collaboration between the WHO and The Borrow Foundation, in a multicentric form, with the participation of Voronezh, Maykop and Smolensk, later on in Volgograd and in several communities in Tatarstan. Kouzmina et al., evaluating three year results in 1999 for 15000 participating children, reported caries reductions between 55 and 68%