Training-related changes should result in im-
proved job performance and other positive
changes (e.g., acquisition of new skills; Hill
& Lent 2006, Satterfield & Hughes 2007)
that serve as antecedents of job performance
(Kraiger 2002). Reassuringly, Arthur et al.
(2003) conducted a meta-analysis of 1152 ef-
fect sizes from 165 sources and ascertained that
in comparison with no-training or pretraining
states, training had an overall positive effect on
job-related behaviors or performance (mean ef-
fect size or d = 0.62). However, although dif-
ferences in terms of effect sizes were not large,
the effectiveness of training varied depending
on the training delivery method and the skill
or task being trained. For example, the most
effective training programs were those includ-
ing both cognitive and interpersonal skills, fol-
lowed by those including psychomotor skills or
tasks. Next, we describe studies to exemplify,