These differences present a considerable challenge in distilling and integrating key findings from the survey-based MCS-strategy studies. Based on his review of MCS contingency research since the early 1980s. Chenhall [20031 developed four propositions that identified specific MCS characteristics associated with particular business level and operational strategics. For example, he proposed that strategies with a conservative orientation (including defenders and cost leadership) are more associated with formal, traditional MCS than entrepreneurial strategies; and that competitor-focused strategies are associated with broad scope planning based MCS, while customization strategies are associated with aggregated, Integrated and timely MCS.