RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENTS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA c. 1500-1800
1. INDIGENOUS BELIEFS
The ordinary man and woman conceived of the natural world as animated by a vast array of
deities who inhabited trees, rivers, caves, mountains and who were capable of great kindness
or extraordinary malevolence.
Inexplicable events such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, epidemics, a failure of the rains,
were a sign that the spirits were angry and needed to be appeased with appropriate offerings.
Individuals could seek assistance from their ancestors and from past leaders and heroes who,
after death, had become powerful spirits in their own right
The most elaborate ceremonial was often that associated with funerals.
The shaman was able to help protect the community against witches and sorcerers who had
somehow mastered the magic arts and were ready to use them in harmful designs. Some
sorcerers could fly, some could kill without raising a hand, and others could cast charms to
make the most loving wife reject her husband.
All the world religions which became established in Southeast Asia succeeded because they
not only made some accommodation with existing attitudes but elaborated and enhanced
them.
The major features of the indigenous belief system survived because for the most part they
were able to coexist or to be engrossed by the ritual and teachings associated with the world
religions.
Spirits never showed any sign of disappearing from Southeast Asia's religious life. The
reason appears to lie in the relevance of spirit belief to human existence here on earth,
whereas the great religions were concerned with the future.
The survival of spirit worship is particularly telling in the case of Islam and Christianity, both
of which place a primary doctrinal stress on monotheism. These two religions were to
become the dominant faiths in island Southeast Asia, and it is to their history that we shall
now turn.
2. THE COMING OF ISLAM
Existing evidence suggests that it was in northern Sumatra, closest to India and the Islamic
heartlands, where Islam established its first beach-heads.
The Venetian traveller Marco Polo mentions Muslims in Perlak in 1292 CE, and in
neighbouring Pasai a royal gravestone inscribed with the date 697 AH (1297 CE) and the
Muslim title Sultan Malik al-Salih ('the saintly king') has been found.808-466 South East Asian Civilization: Religious Developments by Dr. Adul
2
there were already a number of Muslims in court circles and possibly among the royal family
at the time when Majapahit was at the height of its power.
A third important discovery regarding the dating of Islam's arrival was made in Terengganu
on the east coast of the Malay peninsula. It consists of a stone, apparently intended as a pillar,
which records a royal order to local officials. One side, enjoining them to uphold the Islamic
religion and the teachings of the apostle of Allah, has a hijra date which is incomplete
because of damage to the stone and which has therefore been read variously between 702 and
789 AH (1303 and 1387 CE).
Questions regarding the provenance of Islam are even more difficult to answer, although
there are some areas of general agreement.
1.1. First, it is obvious that Islam spread into Southeast Asia as Muslim traders moved
along established maritime trade routes.
1.2. The Indian trading presence in Southeast Asian waters at the time when Islam
began to move into the region is convincing evidence for the role of Indian
Muslims in the diffusion of Islamic ideas. (South Indian Muslims, like
Indonesians, are generally adherents to the Shafi'I school)
1.3. The Chinese connection may also be significant. Trading contacts with Persia and
Central Asia led to the development of Sino-Muslim communities in towns along
the southeast coast of China, notably Canton (Guanzhou). (Hanafi School)
The Spread of Islam
There are several reasons for the accelerated pace of Islamization from around 1500 CE.
1. The conquest of Melaka by the Portuguese in 1511 closed that port to Muslim traders,
who then began to patronize other places where the religious environment was more
sympathetic.
2. The defeat of the Hindu-Buddhist kingdom of Majapahit by several north-coast
Islamic states under the leadership of Demak.
3. The conversion of the twin kingdoms of Goa-Tallo (better known as Makassar) in
Sulawesi.
4. The context of developments in the wider Islamic world (the Ottoman Turks, who
now controlled the holy centres of Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem.)
5. The conquering power of Islam appeared to be amply demonstrated in the creation of
a new Muslim dynasty, that of the Mughals (Moguls), in 1526
6. Sufism (mystical dimension of Islam) developed into a significant vehicle for the
movement of Islam outside Non Arabic countries. In Southeast Asia the Sufi aim of
union with the Absolute blended easily with deep-rooted cultural attitudes that had
long conceived of a constant interaction between the world of men and that of spirits.
Thus, through this kind of adaptation, Southeast Asian Muslims were already coming to see
Islamic beliefs not as imported but as an integral part of their own culture.808-466 South East Asian Civilization: Religious Developments by Dr. Adul
3
3. THE ARRIVAL OF CHRISTIANITY
Christianity is the last world religion, arriving in Southeast Asia. Here are the reasons of
Christianization in South East Asia.
3.1. Tensions resulting from the protracted wars with Ottoman Turkey and the challenge of
Protestantism.
3.2 The excitement of recently discovered 'pagan' lands in Asia and the Americas
3.3 An obligation for all Catholic kings to promote the spread of Christianity of Portuguese
and Spanish Crown (Christianity was shored up by the commitment of a secular
government located on the other side of the world.)
Under Spanish patronage, the first Christians reached the Philippines in March 1521, when
Magellan's decimated fleet arrived in Cebu. There they were welcomed by the chief, Raja
Humabon, who, together with his wife and eight hundred of his followers, agreed to accept
Christianity.
In 1522, the Portuguese accepted an invitation from the Ternate ruler of Moluccas to erect a
fortress in his kingdom. In theory at least the king of Ternate had agreed to allow missionary
work, while at the same time himself remaining a patron of Islam.
The unsuccessful missions of Portugal in Moluccas islands.
1. The Portuguese never received effective support from the Crown, they were incapable
of assisting local kings who had accepted Christianity against their (usually Muslim)
enemies.
2. The Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, VOC)
controlled the number of Jesuits stationed. The VOC domination of the area in the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries brought added changes, for the Dutch never
considered conversion to be a goal in itself.
The Establishment of Christianity in the Philippines (New Spain)
1. The Philippines was destined to become the great Christian mission field in
Southeast Asia. The Spanish came to the archipelago seeing themselves as
divinely appointed to spread the gospel among the heathen of the Americas and
Asia.
2. In 1570 Philip II made the important decision to commit Spain to the colonization
and Christianization of the Philippine islands
3. Another important aid to Christianizing was the policy of resettling the native
population. The indigenous Filipino pattern of independent kinship communities
was changed to one where there was a main center with a church where the 808-466 South East Asian Civilization: Religious Developments by Dr. Adul
4
Spanish priest lived, surrounded by a number of outlying hamlets. Priests usually
tried to combine several hamlets and to persuade people to move closer to the
newly established town.
4. Local baptized leaders, grouped together as the principals, became the linchpin of
the Spanish administration, helping to bring their following under the authority of
the Church and the Spanish Crown.
5. The most effective way of converting local leaders was to teach Christian ideas to
their children, giving special attention to the sons of chiefs.
6. To achieve this goal, much use was made of music, which had been an integral
part of indigenous ritual. It was found that Filipinos quickly learned to converse
when Cristian principles were translated into their own language and sung.
7. An important factor in the success of Christianity was the fact that many aspects
of worship struck a familiar chord in Filipino culture.
All of these happened in the North Philippines. How about in the South?
4. RELIGIOUS ISSUES
By the seventeenth century the religious map of Southeast Asia had assumed a shape which
modern observers will recognize. Theravada Buddhism was well established in Burma,
Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia, while Islam and Christianity were well entrenched in the
island world. In Vietnam a mixture of Mahayana Buddhism, Taoism and popular
Confucianism continued at the village level, with small pockets of Christianity, while at the
elite level there was a renewed emphasis on Confucianism.
4.1. The Call to Reform
To an extent this reforming tradition stems from the fact that all the religions which came to
the region based their authority on a body of revered texts which could be consulted by
experts and invoked to support or refute a particular custom or idea.
4.1.Religious Rivalry
As old enmities resurfaced or new ones were created, the conflicts between different groups
were often articulated in religious terms as each attempted to identify itself by delineating the
boundaries between believers and 'non-believers'. The most enduring conflicts took place
between Christianity and Islam.
4.2.Religion and Kingship
All the religions which came to Southeast Asia from outside were closely connected with the
ruler and the court, and thus became an integral part of the constellations of political power
w
RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENTS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA c. 1500-1800
1. INDIGENOUS BELIEFS
The ordinary man and woman conceived of the natural world as animated by a vast array of
deities who inhabited trees, rivers, caves, mountains and who were capable of great kindness
or extraordinary malevolence.
Inexplicable events such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, epidemics, a failure of the rains,
were a sign that the spirits were angry and needed to be appeased with appropriate offerings.
Individuals could seek assistance from their ancestors and from past leaders and heroes who,
after death, had become powerful spirits in their own right
The most elaborate ceremonial was often that associated with funerals.
The shaman was able to help protect the community against witches and sorcerers who had
somehow mastered the magic arts and were ready to use them in harmful designs. Some
sorcerers could fly, some could kill without raising a hand, and others could cast charms to
make the most loving wife reject her husband.
All the world religions which became established in Southeast Asia succeeded because they
not only made some accommodation with existing attitudes but elaborated and enhanced
them.
The major features of the indigenous belief system survived because for the most part they
were able to coexist or to be engrossed by the ritual and teachings associated with the world
religions.
Spirits never showed any sign of disappearing from Southeast Asia's religious life. The
reason appears to lie in the relevance of spirit belief to human existence here on earth,
whereas the great religions were concerned with the future.
The survival of spirit worship is particularly telling in the case of Islam and Christianity, both
of which place a primary doctrinal stress on monotheism. These two religions were to
become the dominant faiths in island Southeast Asia, and it is to their history that we shall
now turn.
2. THE COMING OF ISLAM
Existing evidence suggests that it was in northern Sumatra, closest to India and the Islamic
heartlands, where Islam established its first beach-heads.
The Venetian traveller Marco Polo mentions Muslims in Perlak in 1292 CE, and in
neighbouring Pasai a royal gravestone inscribed with the date 697 AH (1297 CE) and the
Muslim title Sultan Malik al-Salih ('the saintly king') has been found.808-466 South East Asian Civilization: Religious Developments by Dr. Adul
2
there were already a number of Muslims in court circles and possibly among the royal family
at the time when Majapahit was at the height of its power.
A third important discovery regarding the dating of Islam's arrival was made in Terengganu
on the east coast of the Malay peninsula. It consists of a stone, apparently intended as a pillar,
which records a royal order to local officials. One side, enjoining them to uphold the Islamic
religion and the teachings of the apostle of Allah, has a hijra date which is incomplete
because of damage to the stone and which has therefore been read variously between 702 and
789 AH (1303 and 1387 CE).
Questions regarding the provenance of Islam are even more difficult to answer, although
there are some areas of general agreement.
1.1. First, it is obvious that Islam spread into Southeast Asia as Muslim traders moved
along established maritime trade routes.
1.2. The Indian trading presence in Southeast Asian waters at the time when Islam
began to move into the region is convincing evidence for the role of Indian
Muslims in the diffusion of Islamic ideas. (South Indian Muslims, like
Indonesians, are generally adherents to the Shafi'I school)
1.3. The Chinese connection may also be significant. Trading contacts with Persia and
Central Asia led to the development of Sino-Muslim communities in towns along
the southeast coast of China, notably Canton (Guanzhou). (Hanafi School)
The Spread of Islam
There are several reasons for the accelerated pace of Islamization from around 1500 CE.
1. The conquest of Melaka by the Portuguese in 1511 closed that port to Muslim traders,
who then began to patronize other places where the religious environment was more
sympathetic.
2. The defeat of the Hindu-Buddhist kingdom of Majapahit by several north-coast
Islamic states under the leadership of Demak.
3. The conversion of the twin kingdoms of Goa-Tallo (better known as Makassar) in
Sulawesi.
4. The context of developments in the wider Islamic world (the Ottoman Turks, who
now controlled the holy centres of Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem.)
5. The conquering power of Islam appeared to be amply demonstrated in the creation of
a new Muslim dynasty, that of the Mughals (Moguls), in 1526
6. Sufism (mystical dimension of Islam) developed into a significant vehicle for the
movement of Islam outside Non Arabic countries. In Southeast Asia the Sufi aim of
union with the Absolute blended easily with deep-rooted cultural attitudes that had
long conceived of a constant interaction between the world of men and that of spirits.
Thus, through this kind of adaptation, Southeast Asian Muslims were already coming to see
Islamic beliefs not as imported but as an integral part of their own culture.808-466 South East Asian Civilization: Religious Developments by Dr. Adul
3
3. THE ARRIVAL OF CHRISTIANITY
Christianity is the last world religion, arriving in Southeast Asia. Here are the reasons of
Christianization in South East Asia.
3.1. Tensions resulting from the protracted wars with Ottoman Turkey and the challenge of
Protestantism.
3.2 The excitement of recently discovered 'pagan' lands in Asia and the Americas
3.3 An obligation for all Catholic kings to promote the spread of Christianity of Portuguese
and Spanish Crown (Christianity was shored up by the commitment of a secular
government located on the other side of the world.)
Under Spanish patronage, the first Christians reached the Philippines in March 1521, when
Magellan's decimated fleet arrived in Cebu. There they were welcomed by the chief, Raja
Humabon, who, together with his wife and eight hundred of his followers, agreed to accept
Christianity.
In 1522, the Portuguese accepted an invitation from the Ternate ruler of Moluccas to erect a
fortress in his kingdom. In theory at least the king of Ternate had agreed to allow missionary
work, while at the same time himself remaining a patron of Islam.
The unsuccessful missions of Portugal in Moluccas islands.
1. The Portuguese never received effective support from the Crown, they were incapable
of assisting local kings who had accepted Christianity against their (usually Muslim)
enemies.
2. The Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, VOC)
controlled the number of Jesuits stationed. The VOC domination of the area in the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries brought added changes, for the Dutch never
considered conversion to be a goal in itself.
The Establishment of Christianity in the Philippines (New Spain)
1. The Philippines was destined to become the great Christian mission field in
Southeast Asia. The Spanish came to the archipelago seeing themselves as
divinely appointed to spread the gospel among the heathen of the Americas and
Asia.
2. In 1570 Philip II made the important decision to commit Spain to the colonization
and Christianization of the Philippine islands
3. Another important aid to Christianizing was the policy of resettling the native
population. The indigenous Filipino pattern of independent kinship communities
was changed to one where there was a main center with a church where the 808-466 South East Asian Civilization: Religious Developments by Dr. Adul
4
Spanish priest lived, surrounded by a number of outlying hamlets. Priests usually
tried to combine several hamlets and to persuade people to move closer to the
newly established town.
4. Local baptized leaders, grouped together as the principals, became the linchpin of
the Spanish administration, helping to bring their following under the authority of
the Church and the Spanish Crown.
5. The most effective way of converting local leaders was to teach Christian ideas to
their children, giving special attention to the sons of chiefs.
6. To achieve this goal, much use was made of music, which had been an integral
part of indigenous ritual. It was found that Filipinos quickly learned to converse
when Cristian principles were translated into their own language and sung.
7. An important factor in the success of Christianity was the fact that many aspects
of worship struck a familiar chord in Filipino culture.
All of these happened in the North Philippines. How about in the South?
4. RELIGIOUS ISSUES
By the seventeenth century the religious map of Southeast Asia had assumed a shape which
modern observers will recognize. Theravada Buddhism was well established in Burma,
Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia, while Islam and Christianity were well entrenched in the
island world. In Vietnam a mixture of Mahayana Buddhism, Taoism and popular
Confucianism continued at the village level, with small pockets of Christianity, while at the
elite level there was a renewed emphasis on Confucianism.
4.1. The Call to Reform
To an extent this reforming tradition stems from the fact that all the religions which came to
the region based their authority on a body of revered texts which could be consulted by
experts and invoked to support or refute a particular custom or idea.
4.1.Religious Rivalry
As old enmities resurfaced or new ones were created, the conflicts between different groups
were often articulated in religious terms as each attempted to identify itself by delineating the
boundaries between believers and 'non-believers'. The most enduring conflicts took place
between Christianity and Islam.
4.2.Religion and Kingship
All the religions which came to Southeast Asia from outside were closely connected with the
ruler and the court, and thus became an integral part of the constellations of political power
w
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..

การพัฒนาทางศาสนาในเอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ . 1500-1800
1 ความเชื่อพื้นเมือง
ผู้ชายปกติและผู้หญิงรู้สึกของธรรมชาติเป็นภาพเคลื่อนไหวโดย array กว้างใหญ่ของ
เทวดาที่อาศัยอยู่ ต้นไม้ แม่น้ำ ภูเขา ถ้ำ และผู้มีความสามารถ
น้ำใจที่ดีหรือการปองร้ายที่ไม่ธรรมดา
เหตุการณ์ลึกลับ เช่น ภูเขาไฟระเบิด แผ่นดินไหว โรคระบาด ความล้มเหลวของฝน
were a sign that the spirits were angry and needed to be appeased with appropriate offerings.
Individuals could seek assistance from their ancestors and from past leaders and heroes who,
after death, had become powerful spirits in their own right
The most elaborate ceremonial was often that associated with funerals.
หมอสามารถช่วยปกป้องชุมชนกับพ่อมดและแม่มดที่มีเวทมนตร์
ก็เข้าใจและพร้อมที่จะใช้พวกเขาในแบบที่เป็นอันตราย บาง
พ่อมดบินได้ บางคนสามารถฆ่าได้โดยไม่ต้องเพิ่มมือ และคนอื่น ๆที่สามารถโยนเสน่ห์
ให้ภรรยาที่รักที่สุด
ปฏิเสธสามีของเธอAll the world religions which became established in Southeast Asia succeeded because they
not only made some accommodation with existing attitudes but elaborated and enhanced
them.
The major features of the indigenous belief system survived because for the most part they
were able to coexist or to be engrossed by the ritual and teachings associated with the world
religions.
Spirits never showed any sign of disappearing from Southeast Asia's religious life. The
reason appears to lie in the relevance of spirit belief to human existence here on earth,
whereas the great religions were concerned with the future.
The survival of spirit worship is particularly telling in the case of Islam and Christianity, both
of which place a primary doctrinal stress on monotheism. These two religions were to
become the dominant faiths in island Southeast Asia, and it is to their history that we shall
now turn.
2. THE COMING OF ISLAM
Existing evidence suggests that it was in northern Sumatra, closest to India and the Islamic
heartlands, where Islam established its first beach-heads.
The Venetian traveller Marco Polo mentions Muslims in Perlak in 1292 CE, and in
neighbouring Pasai a royal gravestone inscribed with the date 697 AH (1297 CE) and the
Muslim title Sultan Malik al-Salih ('the saintly king') has been found.808-466 South East Asian Civilization: Religious Developments by Dr. Adul
2
there were already a number of Muslims in court circles and possibly among the royal family
at the time when Majapahit was at the height of its power.
ที่สามที่สำคัญการค้นพบเกี่ยวกับเดทของศาสนาอิสลามมาทำในตรังกานู
บนชายฝั่งตะวันออกของคาบสมุทรมลายู ประกอบด้วยหิน เห็นได้ชัดว่ามีเจตนาเป็นเสา
ซึ่งบันทึกรับสั่งให้เจ้าหน้าที่ท้องถิ่น ด้านหนึ่ง เป็นปลื้มพวกเขาเพื่อรักษาศาสนาอิสลาม
และคำสอนของอัครสาวกของอัลลอฮ์มีฮิจเราะห์วันที่ซึ่งยังไม่สมบูรณ์
because of damage to the stone and which has therefore been read variously between 702 and
789 AH (1303 and 1387 CE).
Questions regarding the provenance of Islam are even more difficult to answer, although
there are some areas of general agreement.
1.1. First, it is obvious that Islam spread into Southeast Asia as Muslim traders moved
along established maritime trade routes.
1.2.อินเดียการซื้อขายอยู่ในน่านน้ำเอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ในเวลาเมื่อศาสนาอิสลาม
เริ่มที่จะย้ายเข้าสู่พื้นที่คือหลักฐานที่น่าเชื่อสำหรับบทบาทของชาวมุสลิมในอินเดีย
การแพร่ความคิดของอิสลาม ( ทางใต้ของอินเดียมุสลิม เช่น
อินโดนีเซีย โดยทั่วไปจะสมัครพรรคพวกไปโรงเรียน shafi'i )
1.3 . การเชื่อมต่อจีนนอกจากนี้ยังอาจจะที่สำคัญ ติดต่อซื้อขายกับเปอร์เซียและ
เอเชียกลางที่นำไปสู่การพัฒนาของชุมชนมุสลิมในเมืองตามชิโน
ชายฝั่งตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ของจีน โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งกวางตุ้ง ( กวางโจว ) ( โรงเรียนฮานาฟี )
แพร่กระจายของศาสนาอิสลามมีหลายเหตุผลสำหรับการเร่งก้าวของศาสนาอิสลามจากประมาณ 1500 CE .
1 ชัยชนะของชาวโปรตุเกสในมะละกา โดย 1 ปิดพอร์ต
พ่อค้ามุสลิมใครเริ่มที่จะสนับสนุนสถานที่อื่น ๆที่เคร่งศาสนาได้มากขึ้น
สงสาร 2 ความพ่ายแพ้ของอาณาจักรมัชปาหิตโดยรัฐฮินดู พุทธ อิสลาม ชายฝั่ง
เหนือหลายภายใต้ภาวะผู้นำของเดมัก .
3 การแปลงของอาณาจักรแฝดของกัว tallo ( รู้จักกันดีเป็น Makassar สุลาเวสี )
.
4 บริบทของการพัฒนาในด้านกว้างของอิสลามโลก ( ออตโตมันเติร์กที่
now controlled the holy centres of Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem.)
5. The conquering power of Islam appeared to be amply demonstrated in the creation of
a new Muslim dynasty, that of the Mughals (Moguls), in 1526
6. Sufism (mystical dimension of Islam) developed into a significant vehicle for the
movement of Islam outside Non Arabic countries. In Southeast Asia the Sufi aim of
union with the Absolute blended easily with deep-rooted cultural attitudes that had
long conceived of a constant interaction between the world of men and that of spirits.
Thus, through this kind of adaptation, Southeast Asian Muslims were already coming to see
Islamic beliefs not as imported but as an integral part of their own culture.808-466 South East Asian Civilization:โดย ดร. อดุลย์
3
3 พัฒนาการทางศาสนา การมาถึงของศาสนาคริสต์ศาสนาคริสต์เป็นศาสนาโลก
เมื่อมาถึงในเอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ นี่คือเหตุผลของศาสนาคริสต์ในเอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้
.
1 . ความตึงเครียดที่เกิดจากสงครามยืดเยื้อกับตุรกีออตโตมันและความท้าทายของนิกายโปรเตสแตนต์
.
3.2 ความตื่นเต้นของการค้นพบเมื่อเร็ว ๆ นี้ ' ' ดินแดนพุกามในทวีปเอเชียและทวีปอเมริกา
33 An obligation for all Catholic kings to promote the spread of Christianity of Portuguese
and Spanish Crown (Christianity was shored up by the commitment of a secular
government located on the other side of the world.)
Under Spanish patronage, the first Christians reached the Philippines in March 1521, when
Magellan's decimated fleet arrived in Cebu. There they were welcomed by the chief,ราชา
humabon ที่ร่วมกับภรรยาของเขาและแปดร้อยของผู้ติดตามของเขา ยอมรับ
ในศาสนาคริสต์ แต่ , โปรตุเกสยอมรับคำเชิญจาก Ternate ไม้บรรทัดของคาส์ทำ
ป้อมในอาณาจักรของเขา ในทฤษฎีอย่างน้อยกษัตริย์แห่ง Ternate ได้ตกลงที่จะช่วยให้งานเผยแผ่ศาสนา
ในขณะที่ในเวลาเดียวกันเอง ที่เหลือเป็นผู้อุปการะของศาสนาอิสลาม .
The unsuccessful missions of Portugal in Moluccas islands.
1. The Portuguese never received effective support from the Crown, they were incapable
of assisting local kings who had accepted Christianity against their (usually Muslim)
enemies.
2. The Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, VOC)
controlled the number of Jesuits stationed. The VOC domination of the area in the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries brought added changes, for the Dutch never
considered conversion to be a goal in itself.
The Establishment of Christianity in the Philippines (New Spain)
1. The Philippines was destined to become the great Christian mission field in
Southeast Asia. The Spanish came to the archipelago seeing themselves as
divinely appointed to spread the gospel among the heathen of the Americas and
Asia.
2. In 1570 Philip II made the important decision to commit Spain to the colonization
and Christianization of the Philippine islands
3. Another important aid to Christianizing was the policy of resettling the native
population. The indigenous Filipino pattern of independent kinship communities
เปลี่ยนเป็นหนึ่งซึ่งมีศูนย์หลัก มีโบสถ์ที่ 808-466 เอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้อารยธรรม : โดย ดร. อดุลย์
4
สเปนพระพัฒนาศาสนาอาศัยอยู่ล้อมรอบด้วยจำนวนของชุมชนที่ห่างไกล . พระสงฆ์มักจะ
พยายามที่จะรวมหลายชุมชนและชักชวนให้คนย้ายใกล้ชิดกับเมืองที่จัดตั้งขึ้นใหม่
.
4 ท้องถิ่นรับบัพติศมาผู้นำ เข้าด้วยกันเป็น ผู้บริหารโรงเรียน became the linchpin of
the Spanish administration, helping to bring their following under the authority of
the Church and the Spanish Crown.
5. The most effective way of converting local leaders was to teach Christian ideas to
their children, giving special attention to the sons of chiefs.
6. To achieve this goal, much use was made of music, which had been an integral
ส่วนหนึ่งของพิธีกรรมพื้นเมือง พบว่า ชาวฟิลิปปินส์ที่ได้เรียนรู้ได้อย่างรวดเร็วสนทนา
เมื่อคริสเตียนหลักถูกแปลเป็นภาษาของตนเอง และซอง .
7 เป็นปัจจัยสำคัญในความสำเร็จของศาสนาคริสต์คือความจริงที่ว่าหลายแง่มุม
สักการะบูชาหลงคอร์ดที่คุ้นเคยในวัฒนธรรมชาวฟิลิปปินส์
ทั้งหมดนี้เกิดขึ้นในภาคเหนือของฟิลิปปินส์ แล้วในภาคใต้ ?
4
ประเด็นศาสนาโดยศตวรรษที่สิบเจ็ดแผนที่ทางศาสนาของเอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ได้ถือว่าเป็นรูปทรงที่ทันสมัย
ผู้สังเกตการณ์จะรับรู้ พระพุทธศาสนาเถรวาท ได้ก่อตั้งขึ้นในพม่า
ประเทศไทย ลาว และกัมพูชา ขณะที่ศาสนาอิสลามและศาสนาคริสต์มี entrenched ในโลก
เกาะ ในเวียดนามเป็นส่วนผสมของพุทธศาสนานิกายมหายาน ลัทธิเต๋าและลัทธิขงจื๊อเป็นที่นิยม
อย่างต่อเนื่องที่ระดับหมู่บ้าน with small pockets of Christianity, while at the
elite level there was a renewed emphasis on Confucianism.
4.1. The Call to Reform
To an extent this reforming tradition stems from the fact that all the religions which came to
the region based their authority on a body of revered texts which could be consulted by
experts and invoked to support or refute a particular custom or idea.
4.1.
การแข่งขันทางศาสนา enmities วังวนเก่าหรือใหม่ถูกสร้างขึ้น ความขัดแย้งระหว่างกลุ่ม
มักจะก้องในแง่ศาสนาแต่ละพยายามที่จะระบุตัวเองโดยอธิบาย
เขตแดนระหว่างศรัทธาและไม่ศรัทธา ' ' ยั่งยืนที่สุด ความขัดแย้งเกิดขึ้นระหว่างศาสนาคริสต์และศาสนาอิสลาม
.
1
4.2.religion และAll the religions which came to Southeast Asia from outside were closely connected with the
ruler and the court, and thus became an integral part of the constellations of political power
w
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