1. Introduction
Many communities have increased their interest in the imple-mentation of multimodal transportation and advocated for the shift
from motor vehicles to non-motorized modes of transportation, i.e.,
walking and cycling. In spite of the health and environmental ben-efits, an increasing number of crashes involving pedestrians and
bicyclists has become a major concern in improving traffic safety.
For example in 2013, the United States had 4735 pedestrian and
743 bicyclist deaths, accounting for 18% of all U.S. highway fatali-ties (NHTSA, 2013). The Federal Highway Administration’s office of
safety has established pedestrian and bicyclist safety as one of its
top priorities. Thus, it is essential for traffic safety engineers to pro-vide appropriate countermeasures or policies to achieve friendly
and safe multimodal transportation.
A comprehensive understanding of contributing factors associ-ated with crash occurrences by different modes is a prerequisite