4. Conclusions
This study revealed the potentially adverse effects of SMM on aquatic organisms. SMM exerted acute toxic effects on two microalgae, C. vulgaris and I. galbana, and two cladocerans, D. magna and D. similis. This is the first article to describe the toxicity of SMM to aquatic organisms. Therefore, the application of SMM to aquatic organisms should be reexamined to evaluate carefully wastewater treatment after SMM use and the reduction of the ecological impacts of this SA.