Production of fish seed in hatcheries and the ability to grow successive generations of broodstock to sexual maturity began in the 1970s for most Chinese and Indian carps and in the 1980s and 1990s, respectively, for farmed shrimp (Penaeidae) and milkfish (Chanos chanos). The world’s first International Symposium on Genetics in Aquaculture was convened in 1982.7 Up to the mid-1980s, most aquaculture research and development (R&D) was targeted at seed production technology and improved fish husbandry rather than at genetic improvement. Tilapia in Asia