Newtonian physics argues that the universe operates as a perfect machine. Models based on Newtonian physics have tried to explain systems in a machine-like manner. To understand how the machine worked, all one had to do was to reduce it to its constituent parts, examine how each functioned and where each into the whole and then reassemble the machine. This linear view of the world asserted that any system was the sum of its constituent parts (Faulkner & Russell, 1997) and providing that enough information could be gathered, anything could be explained in precise, predictable and
reproducible terms. Chaos theory, and its companion model, complexity (Lewin, 1993)