Because the aims in the curriculum make it necessary for pupils to understand the
cycles of certain important substances of the Earth such as water and carbon, a
sequence of scaffolds was constructed (Table 2). Based on previous studies, it was
assumed that for the utility of the simulation-based inquiry, there should be two
important scaffolds: the first to ensure some background knowledge of the factors
(variables) that contribute to the greenhouse effect model and the second to ensure
systematic experimentation with the simulation, namely systematically controlling
the variables and making observations.