There are two perspectives of value, i.e. “delivered value” which is the traditional
view and value-in-use view wherein customers themselves are perceived as actively
involved in value-creating processes, in their daily activities, when products are needed
by them for them to perform activities (Gro¨nroos, 2006, p. 323). Thus, a service element is
potentially value adding only if it activates the customer to use it (Heinonen, 2006). The
value in use perspective is more applicable to e-services and hence any of the service
quality dimensions would be considered as benefits as sacrifice depending on whether it
is perceived as superior or inferior to other alternatives.