Batch cultures were performed in duplicate, using Applikon MiniBio bioreactors (250 mL nominal volume), equipped with Peltierrefrigerated gas condensers. Bioreactors were filled with 150 mL of a filter-sterilized natural white grape must, mixture of Malvasia and
Viura varieties (260 g/L of sugars), and 200 μL of antifoam204.