present in wine. Lactic acid bacteria are reported as the main producers of biogenic amines in alcoholic
beverages. It is assumed that biogenic amines found in foods and wines are produced by specific amino
acid decarboxylases from lactic acid bacteria during fermentation [51-53]
Putrescine is the most abundant biogenic amine found in wine [54] and agmatine is the most prevalent
one in beer [55]. Arena and Manca de Nadra [56] reported that agmatine was formed as an intermediate
in the formation of putrescine from arginine in a strain of L. hilgardii, isolated from wine. Putrescine is
formed from agmatine through a pathway that does not involve amino acid decarboxylase or formation
of urea.