Basic flour mix was replaced with increasing GSP amounts of 1–10 % of the flour mix containing wheat flour, corn flour, leavening agent, salt, and HPMC to determine the effects of natural antioxidants. The control batter formulation did not include any grape seed or its products. All dry ingredients were thoroughly pre-blended and mixed with water using a hand mixer (Model K1433, Arcelik Inc., Turkey) at the lowest speed for 2 min. The chicken nuggets were pre-fried at 180 °C for 30 s in a conventional deep-fat fryer (Oleoclean; Tefal, Rumilly, France) using sunflower oil with a 2.1 L oil capacity.Pre-fried chicken nuggets were placed in plastic bags and stored at −18 °C in a freezer. Samples were obtained before freezing (at day zero) and at 1 month intervals during frozen storage for a period of 5 months to determine the changes in the primary and secondary oxidation product concentrations. For each sampling time, samples were thawed at 4 °C for 2.5 h before analysis.
Basic flour mix was replaced with increasing GSP amounts of 1–10 % of the flour mix containing wheat flour, corn flour, leavening agent, salt, and HPMC to determine the effects of natural antioxidants. The control batter formulation did not include any grape seed or its products. All dry ingredients were thoroughly pre-blended and mixed with water using a hand mixer (Model K1433, Arcelik Inc., Turkey) at the lowest speed for 2 min. The chicken nuggets were pre-fried at 180 °C for 30 s in a conventional deep-fat fryer (Oleoclean; Tefal, Rumilly, France) using sunflower oil with a 2.1 L oil capacity.Pre-fried chicken nuggets were placed in plastic bags and stored at −18 °C in a freezer. Samples were obtained before freezing (at day zero) and at 1 month intervals during frozen storage for a period of 5 months to determine the changes in the primary and secondary oxidation product concentrations. For each sampling time, samples were thawed at 4 °C for 2.5 h before analysis.
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