Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease in which immune mechanisms including monocytes and their associated chemokines and chemokines receptors are involved at all stages of atherosclerotic disease development . Chronic HIV infection is also a state of systemic inflammation. MONOCYTES PLAY A direct role in atherosclerotic lesion formation. Bone marrow-derived circulating blood monocytes are found in atherosclerotic lesions. These monocytes differentiate into tissue macrophages and subsequently foam cells. In humans, two populations of monocyte have been distinguished: Expansion of the cd monocyte subset has been described in HIV infection. monocyte have also been found to be higher in patients with coronary artery disease compared with control subjects. Compared with cd monocyte ,cd monocyte produce higher amounts of TNF to lipopolysaccaride stimulation and produce decreased amounts of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Tilton and colleagues found HIV-infected patients,with or without antiviral therapy, had elevated spontaneous production of monocyte inflammatory cytokine jjj ,with uninfected controls. Notably, they also found HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy with effective viral suppression to have highly increased frequency of monocyte producing these inflammatory cytokines.