In this paper, we have developed and demonstrated the utility of a framework to assess some recurring claims and arguments for the use of participatory decision-making in environmental management. However, we have also ventured a personal assessment. We are currently engaged in developing the framework further to assess how participation can play a role in linking across the layers when engaging in transdisciplinary science, so as to generate insights on the role of participatory design in ensuring multi-functional management of coastal systems.
In conclusion, the underlying rationale for choosing a participatory style of project management is not always explicated, although it cannot be denied that the positive image of participation, its visibility and marketability, and its association with democratic ideals might give the approach political traction. This might lead to overly ambitious application of a participatory style and stakeholder inclusion where another approach might be more effective, efficient and suitable. The practice of participation no one-size-fits-all approach. Instead, it should be tailor-made, of an appropriate ambition level and fit-for-purpose for each environmental management problem. These findings will be used in dealing with the dilemmas associated with the structural erosion of Holland and Texel Island owing to the nested-scale dynamics in the area, and to improve long-term Dutch flood defense in a sustainable manner.