Tucker (1979) identify four basic types of
replication that can be used to help validate
a scientific test:
1. Literal replication involves the exact
duplication of a previous analysis,
including the sampling procedures,
experimental conditions, measuring
techniques, and methods of data
analysis.
2. Operational replication attempts to
duplicate only the sampling and experimental
procedures of a previous
analysis, to test whether the procedures
will produce similar results.