466 South East Asian Civilization: Colonial Restoration, Independence and ASEAN community by Dr. Adul
Colonial Restoration and Nationalist Resistance
By weakening the economies due to World War II, European states reduced their capacity to fulfil an imperial role, so they increased their determination to resurrect their overseas empires in order to compensate for injuries inflicted upon the wealth and the prestige of the nation. Colonial Planning for Postwar Southeast Asia, 1942-1945 Almost as soon as they had lost their empires, Europeans began to draw up plans for their recovery.
The independences.
Indonesian Independence was in 1949 from the Netherlands and in 1975 Portuguese East Timor was annexed by Indonesia
Myanmar gained independence in1948 named the Union of Burma. Within a year of independence Burma was torn apart by the insurgency of communists, former Burma Independence Army soldiers, Karens and hill tribes. The consequent instability and preoccupation with establishing national cohesion, combined with its vulnerability, reinforced Burma's inclination to isolationism.
Laos – in 1953 gained full independence from France as a constitutional monarchy.
Cambodia - Cambodia gained independence from France on 9 November 1953.
Vietnam - under the Geneva Accords of 1954. Country was separated into two parts at the 17th parallel north. Two states formed after the partition – Ho Chi Minh's Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the north and Emperor Bảo Đại's State of Vietnam in the south.
Malaysia – gained independence from Britain in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, then in 1963 became to the federation of Malaysia, following the admission of Singapore, Sabah (North Borneo) and Sarawak to the new federation.
Singapore became a separate independent republic from Malasia in 1965
The Philippines – gain Independence from the United States in 1946. Due to the strong social and cultural influence of the Spanish and American colonial period, which left a Christian majority and the largest Western-educated community in Southeast Asia, Filipinos did not regard themselves as Asians.
Brunei – gained Independence from the United Kingdom in 1984
Thailand remained independence all the time but welcomed American protection against Anglo-French retribution, and this broadened into a more general reliance on the United States in the difficult postwar world.
Cold war
1. 1949. China communism became a really big deal during the cold war. Mao Zedong – the father of china communism
808-466 South East Asian Civilization: Colonial Restoration, Independence and ASEAN community by Dr. Adul
2. The cold war- meaning – a conflict over ideological differences, rivalry, mistrust, and a state of political hostility and military tension between two countries or power blocs, involving propaganda, subversion, threats, economic sanctions, and other measures short of open warfare, esp. that between the American and Soviet blocs after World War II South Korea – North – 38 parallel 3. Domino theory - that speculated that if one state in a region came under the influence of communism, then the surrounding countries would follow in a domino effect. 4. Communism is a socioeconomic system structured upon common ownership of the means of production and characterized by the absence of social classes, money and the state; as well as a social, political and economic ideology and movement that aims to establish this social order. 5. To many people in Southeast Asia, communism was the hope of the underdog, promising a fairer society with freedom from foreign domination, land for the peasants, and a better standard of living for the poor.
Ideas of regional integration.
In international relations, regionalism or regional integration is the expression of a common sense of identity and purpose combined with the creation and implementation of institutions that express a particular identity and shape collective action within a geographical region.
For what reason –
1. To defense its national interest. 2. To solve new regional and global problems that one nation cannot encounter. 3. To intensify the power of negotiation.
THE CONCEPT OF SOUTHEAST ASIA
The concept of Southeast Asia as a political entity emerged almost by accident after World War II when, at the Quebec Conference in August 1943, the Western Allies decided to establish a separate South East Asia Command (SEAC), embracing Burma, Malaya, Sumatra and Thailand. The Potsdam Conference in July 1945 extended SEAC's responsibility to cover the rest of the Netherlands East Indies and Indochina south of the sixteenth parallel, excluding only northern Vietnam, the Philippines and Laos.
SEAC's task was to accept the Japanese surrender and repatriate Japanese personnel, to evacuate Allied prisoners of war and others in detention, to keep the peace and assist the restoration of colonial rule at least until the future status of liberated areas had been fully worked out. So the term of Southeast Asia happen after World War II.
Problems after gaining the independence.
The most important factors affecting regionalism and international relations in the immediate postwar years were
808-466 South East Asian Civilization: Colonial Restoration, Independence and ASEAN community by Dr. Adul
1. decolonization processes itself
2. Problems of creating national identity within the (often artificial) former colonial boundaries. Cultural nationalism. They tried breaking free from the colonial past to build up a sense of national cohesion by using the language, religion or ethnic affinity of the politically dominant group as a unifying factor. This happened with the Buddhist religion in Burma and the Malay language in the Federation of Malaya. Even Thailand, which had never been colonized, needed to establish an identifiable nationalism. While the British and French had annexed many of the ethnically non-Thai border areas, postwar Thailand still had to come to terms with Malay Muslim separatism in its southern provinces and the influx of hill tribes in the north.
3. Territorial disputes - Philippines claim to Sabah and the multinational claim to the Spratly Islands,
4. Intervention of major countries such as USSR, China and USA - In 1947 the Philippines granted the United States military bases on 99-year leases and made a mutual defense assistance agreement.
The organizations of Southeast Asia.
1. The first organization established in Southeast Asia is Southeast Asia Treaty Organization: SEATO (South-East Asia Treaty Organization, SEATO) - was established in 1954 on the initiative of the United States to counter the threat of communist ideology in Southeast Asia. Member of this organization are 8 states - US, UK, France, Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines and Thailand. SEATO was always considered as NATO organization in Southeast Asia. Due to the fact that the members of SEATO bloc had different interests, and the dominant role in this block was the US, the block eventually was broke up. 2. The second organization of Southeast Asia - is the Association of Southeast Asian or ASA. It was established in 1961 by the Prime Minister of Malaysia; Tunku Abdul Rahman members of the organization are 3 states - Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand. ASA differs from SEATO in that it is the first organization consisting only Southeast Asian countries. Therefore, the aim of this organization was the solution of regional problems. However, it collapsed because of territorial conflicts in the region. The fact is that after the reconstruction of federal Malaysia, after the inclusion of the provinces of Sabah and Sarawak, Prime Minister Ahmed Sukarno of Indonesia began a policy of confrontation with Malaysia in 1963, putting a claim to the provinces. 3. The third organization of Southeast Asia is a confederation Maphilindo, which consisted of three countries - Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. The leaders of these three countries met in Manila in 1963 with the intention to form a confederation on the basis of independence from colonial Britain. However, the attempt to create a confederation failed after the conflict between Indonesia and Malaysia because of the controversial issues associated with the provinces of Sabah and Sarawak.
808-466 South East Asian Civilization: Colonial Restoration, Independence and ASEAN community by Dr. Adul
4. Association of Southeast Asian Nations : ASEAN The idea of creating a regional organization in Southeast Asia arose when Thailand was a mediator in the conflict between Malaysia, the Philippines and Indonesia. Minister of Foreign Affairs of Thailand Tanada Corman proposed to create a new organization instead of the previous dismal. As a result, 8 August 1967 the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia and Singapore signed the "Declaration of ASEAN", better known as the "Bangkok Declaration" to show solidarity and independence of the region from the superpowers. (Later into ASEAN joined Brunei Darussalam 1984, Vietnam 1995, Laos and Myanmar 1997, Cambodia 1999)
Evolution of ASEAN.
4.1.Creating ASEAN and conflicts between states in the region (with the years 19671975). The declaration on the establishment of a zone of peace, freedom and neutrality: SOFFAN (Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality, ZOPFAN), which was adopted at a meeting of the Foreign Ministers of ASEAN in Malaysia in 1971. 4.2.Period of influence of communism in Indochina (from 1975-1983) In 1975 Indochina at the time was entirely under the control of the communist regimes, so the ASEAN states are very concerned about maintaining security in the region. To counter communism ASEAN states began to develop active cooperation between them. In 1976, ASEAN leaders met in Bali on the 10 anniversary of the existence of ASEAN. The outcome of the summit was the signing of two important documents - the Declaration of ASEAN Conc
466 South East Asian Civilization: Colonial Restoration, Independence and ASEAN community by Dr. Adul
Colonial Restoration and Nationalist Resistance
By weakening the economies due to World War II, European states reduced their capacity to fulfil an imperial role, so they increased their determination to resurrect their overseas empires in order to compensate for injuries inflicted upon the wealth and the prestige of the nation. Colonial Planning for Postwar Southeast Asia, 1942-1945 Almost as soon as they had lost their empires, Europeans began to draw up plans for their recovery.
The independences.
Indonesian Independence was in 1949 from the Netherlands and in 1975 Portuguese East Timor was annexed by Indonesia
Myanmar gained independence in1948 named the Union of Burma. Within a year of independence Burma was torn apart by the insurgency of communists, former Burma Independence Army soldiers, Karens and hill tribes. The consequent instability and preoccupation with establishing national cohesion, combined with its vulnerability, reinforced Burma's inclination to isolationism.
Laos – in 1953 gained full independence from France as a constitutional monarchy.
Cambodia - Cambodia gained independence from France on 9 November 1953.
Vietnam - under the Geneva Accords of 1954. Country was separated into two parts at the 17th parallel north. Two states formed after the partition – Ho Chi Minh's Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the north and Emperor Bảo Đại's State of Vietnam in the south.
Malaysia – gained independence from Britain in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, then in 1963 became to the federation of Malaysia, following the admission of Singapore, Sabah (North Borneo) and Sarawak to the new federation.
Singapore became a separate independent republic from Malasia in 1965
The Philippines – gain Independence from the United States in 1946. Due to the strong social and cultural influence of the Spanish and American colonial period, which left a Christian majority and the largest Western-educated community in Southeast Asia, Filipinos did not regard themselves as Asians.
Brunei – gained Independence from the United Kingdom in 1984
Thailand remained independence all the time but welcomed American protection against Anglo-French retribution, and this broadened into a more general reliance on the United States in the difficult postwar world.
Cold war
1. 1949. China communism became a really big deal during the cold war. Mao Zedong – the father of china communism
808-466 South East Asian Civilization: Colonial Restoration, Independence and ASEAN community by Dr. Adul
2. The cold war- meaning – a conflict over ideological differences, rivalry, mistrust, and a state of political hostility and military tension between two countries or power blocs, involving propaganda, subversion, threats, economic sanctions, and other measures short of open warfare, esp. that between the American and Soviet blocs after World War II South Korea – North – 38 parallel 3. Domino theory - that speculated that if one state in a region came under the influence of communism, then the surrounding countries would follow in a domino effect. 4. Communism is a socioeconomic system structured upon common ownership of the means of production and characterized by the absence of social classes, money and the state; as well as a social, political and economic ideology and movement that aims to establish this social order. 5. To many people in Southeast Asia, communism was the hope of the underdog, promising a fairer society with freedom from foreign domination, land for the peasants, and a better standard of living for the poor.
Ideas of regional integration.
In international relations, regionalism or regional integration is the expression of a common sense of identity and purpose combined with the creation and implementation of institutions that express a particular identity and shape collective action within a geographical region.
For what reason –
1. To defense its national interest. 2. To solve new regional and global problems that one nation cannot encounter. 3. To intensify the power of negotiation.
THE CONCEPT OF SOUTHEAST ASIA
The concept of Southeast Asia as a political entity emerged almost by accident after World War II when, at the Quebec Conference in August 1943, the Western Allies decided to establish a separate South East Asia Command (SEAC), embracing Burma, Malaya, Sumatra and Thailand. The Potsdam Conference in July 1945 extended SEAC's responsibility to cover the rest of the Netherlands East Indies and Indochina south of the sixteenth parallel, excluding only northern Vietnam, the Philippines and Laos.
SEAC's task was to accept the Japanese surrender and repatriate Japanese personnel, to evacuate Allied prisoners of war and others in detention, to keep the peace and assist the restoration of colonial rule at least until the future status of liberated areas had been fully worked out. So the term of Southeast Asia happen after World War II.
Problems after gaining the independence.
The most important factors affecting regionalism and international relations in the immediate postwar years were
808-466 South East Asian Civilization: Colonial Restoration, Independence and ASEAN community by Dr. Adul
1. decolonization processes itself
2. Problems of creating national identity within the (often artificial) former colonial boundaries. Cultural nationalism. They tried breaking free from the colonial past to build up a sense of national cohesion by using the language, religion or ethnic affinity of the politically dominant group as a unifying factor. This happened with the Buddhist religion in Burma and the Malay language in the Federation of Malaya. Even Thailand, which had never been colonized, needed to establish an identifiable nationalism. While the British and French had annexed many of the ethnically non-Thai border areas, postwar Thailand still had to come to terms with Malay Muslim separatism in its southern provinces and the influx of hill tribes in the north.
3. Territorial disputes - Philippines claim to Sabah and the multinational claim to the Spratly Islands,
4. Intervention of major countries such as USSR, China and USA - In 1947 the Philippines granted the United States military bases on 99-year leases and made a mutual defense assistance agreement.
The organizations of Southeast Asia.
1. The first organization established in Southeast Asia is Southeast Asia Treaty Organization: SEATO (South-East Asia Treaty Organization, SEATO) - was established in 1954 on the initiative of the United States to counter the threat of communist ideology in Southeast Asia. Member of this organization are 8 states - US, UK, France, Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines and Thailand. SEATO was always considered as NATO organization in Southeast Asia. Due to the fact that the members of SEATO bloc had different interests, and the dominant role in this block was the US, the block eventually was broke up. 2. The second organization of Southeast Asia - is the Association of Southeast Asian or ASA. It was established in 1961 by the Prime Minister of Malaysia; Tunku Abdul Rahman members of the organization are 3 states - Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand. ASA differs from SEATO in that it is the first organization consisting only Southeast Asian countries. Therefore, the aim of this organization was the solution of regional problems. However, it collapsed because of territorial conflicts in the region. The fact is that after the reconstruction of federal Malaysia, after the inclusion of the provinces of Sabah and Sarawak, Prime Minister Ahmed Sukarno of Indonesia began a policy of confrontation with Malaysia in 1963, putting a claim to the provinces. 3. The third organization of Southeast Asia is a confederation Maphilindo, which consisted of three countries - Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. The leaders of these three countries met in Manila in 1963 with the intention to form a confederation on the basis of independence from colonial Britain. However, the attempt to create a confederation failed after the conflict between Indonesia and Malaysia because of the controversial issues associated with the provinces of Sabah and Sarawak.
808-466 South East Asian Civilization: Colonial Restoration, Independence and ASEAN community by Dr. Adul
4. Association of Southeast Asian Nations : ASEAN The idea of creating a regional organization in Southeast Asia arose when Thailand was a mediator in the conflict between Malaysia, the Philippines and Indonesia. Minister of Foreign Affairs of Thailand Tanada Corman proposed to create a new organization instead of the previous dismal. As a result, 8 August 1967 the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia and Singapore signed the "Declaration of ASEAN", better known as the "Bangkok Declaration" to show solidarity and independence of the region from the superpowers. (Later into ASEAN joined Brunei Darussalam 1984, Vietnam 1995, Laos and Myanmar 1997, Cambodia 1999)
Evolution of ASEAN.
4.1.Creating ASEAN and conflicts between states in the region (with the years 19671975). The declaration on the establishment of a zone of peace, freedom and neutrality: SOFFAN (Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality, ZOPFAN), which was adopted at a meeting of the Foreign Ministers of ASEAN in Malaysia in 1971. 4.2.Period of influence of communism in Indochina (from 1975-1983) In 1975 Indochina at the time was entirely under the control of the communist regimes, so the ASEAN states are very concerned about maintaining security in the region. To counter communism ASEAN states began to develop active cooperation between them. In 1976, ASEAN leaders met in Bali on the 10 anniversary of the existence of ASEAN. The outcome of the summit was the signing of two important documents - the Declaration of ASEAN Conc
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