By using ‘citizenship’ here to denote the status of full membership in a society, I effect only a slight improvement. After all, this definition, like others, begs two key questions: what are the relevant determinants of membership? and what are the indicia of fullness? In his magisterial approach to these two questions, T.H. Marshall emphasized the political, social, and economic dimensions of membership and elaborated his own understanding of the conditions necessary to fully achieve them (Marshall, [1950] 1992). But Marshall’s idea of citizenship, published in 1950 at a time of heady enthusiasm about the welfare state among many intellectuals and others, has achieved no more canonical status than has any other. Indeed, given the high stakes in how a society conceives of citizenship, any particular formulation – especially in a discussion as brief as this one must be –is readily contestable.