These findings can be explained by elements of JCT and social exchange theory. As expected, when both LMX quality and
empowerment were low the most negative outcomes resulted, and in general, when both variables were high the most positive
outcomes resulted. More interestingly, our results showed that when employees lack motivation in their jobs (low
empowerment), the LMX relationship becomes more important. Essentially, if an employee is high in empowerment, the LMX
relationship becomes of less importance because regardless of the relationship between an employee and his/her supervisor, the
job provides the motivation which is associated with more positive outcomes.
However, when empowerment is low, employees look to other workplace aspects to receive the benefits they fail to receive
from empowerment. One place that employees are likely to look at is their relationship with their supervisors. This logic is in line
with our findings and can be exchanged by social exchange theory, which suggests that when empowerment is low, social
exchanges may be of heightened importance. In our study, we found that when empowerment was lacking, the LMX relationship
became more vital. These findings are likely due to the fact that supervisors are able to offer benefits that can keep employees
motivated in a different way than workplace empowerment (Liden et al., 1997). However, it is worth noting that the highest levels
of OCBs resulted when LMX quality was high and empowerment was low. This finding was surprising as we expected OCBs to be
highest when both empowerment and LMX relationship quality were high (llies et al., 2007). Thus, we invite future researchers to
examine this relationship and better determine the reasons for our unexpected finding
These findings can be explained by elements of JCT and social exchange theory. As expected, when both LMX quality and
empowerment were low the most negative outcomes resulted, and in general, when both variables were high the most positive
outcomes resulted. More interestingly, our results showed that when employees lack motivation in their jobs (low
empowerment), the LMX relationship becomes more important. Essentially, if an employee is high in empowerment, the LMX
relationship becomes of less importance because regardless of the relationship between an employee and his/her supervisor, the
job provides the motivation which is associated with more positive outcomes.
However, when empowerment is low, employees look to other workplace aspects to receive the benefits they fail to receive
from empowerment. One place that employees are likely to look at is their relationship with their supervisors. This logic is in line
with our findings and can be exchanged by social exchange theory, which suggests that when empowerment is low, social
exchanges may be of heightened importance. In our study, we found that when empowerment was lacking, the LMX relationship
became more vital. These findings are likely due to the fact that supervisors are able to offer benefits that can keep employees
motivated in a different way than workplace empowerment (Liden et al., 1997). However, it is worth noting that the highest levels
of OCBs resulted when LMX quality was high and empowerment was low. This finding was surprising as we expected OCBs to be
highest when both empowerment and LMX relationship quality were high (llies et al., 2007). Thus, we invite future researchers to
examine this relationship and better determine the reasons for our unexpected finding
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