Table 3 Perceived impact of NMP on livelihood strategies and outcomes.
Livelihood strategy Relative perceived impact Perceived outcomes
Fishing and harvesting (for income or subsistence) Neutral to very negative No impact to increased poverty
No impact to decreased food security
No impact to decreased well-being (e.g., traditions, culture, social, conflicts)
No impact to decreased access
Plantations Neutral to very negative No impact to less diverse livelihood options
None as no local involvement
More vulnerable to risks Aquaculture – Pond None Aquaculture – Cages Slight negative
Management Slight negative to slight positive Minimal increases in employment
Minimal increases in wealth
Decreased well-being (e.g., dignity)
Tourism Fairly positive to fairly negative Increased employment to minimal and seasonal employment
Increased wealth to decreased wealth
Inequitable distribution of wealth
Rising costs and expenses
Decreased well-being (e.g., social impacts of tourism)
Displacement from accessing or using some areas