Cooking loss
Cooking loss was determined by the equation: Cooking loss = (weight of raw patty minus the weight of cooked patty) / (weight of raw patty) multiplied by 100.
Cooked patty weights were determined after the patties cooled to approximately 25 °C and were lightly blotted using standard laboratory paper towels to remove exudate. ground once through a 4.8-mm plate (Model K45SS Kitchen Aid Classic Mixer™, Kitchen Aid Inc., St. Joseph, MI).