Exclusion criteria for all groups included (1) substance abuse within the last 6 months or a lifetime history of substance dependence; (2) treatment with transcranial magnetic stimulation; (3) history of closed head injury resulting in loss of consciousness; (4) evidence of a reading deficit as assessed by performance on the vocabulary portion of the Wide Range Achievement Test; (5) untreated active medical illness (e.g., diabetes, hyperthyroidism, hypertension); (6) current symptoms of mania as measured by a Young Mania Rating Scale (YMS36) score > 6; and (7) current episode of depression as determined by the SCID-IV, with a 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D37) score > 16. In addition, healthy control subjects were excluded if they had a current or past history of any psychiatric illness as assessed by the SCID-IV.