Nonetheless, objective data support the claimed
effects of noise in terms of distraction from various
waking activities (noise effects cognitive performance,
depending on task difficulty and other factors: Cohen
and Weinstein 1981; Frankenhaeuser and Lundberg
1977; even at low noise levels: Baker et al. 1984;
Wilkinson 1963; and naturally affects speech intelligibility:
Kryter 1970) disturbance of sleep (see
below), and effects on various measures of physiological
arousal consistent with stress and annoyance
(Cantrell 1974; Carter et al. 1993; Stansfeld and Shine,
1993).