East Africa is already experiencing similar problems, as highlighted by the extinction in the wild of the Kihansi Spray Toad Nectophrynoides asperginis following upstream damming of the Kihansi river (Channing et al., 2006), whilst the future of Nakuru NP is threatened by land use changes around Nakuru affecting the lake hydrology (Ogutu et al., in press). Meanwhile, Kenya has started work to protect the Mau escarpment forest following concern that perennial water flow in the Mara River has declined. Deforestation and unregulated water extraction for irrigation have resulted in a loss of water for wildlife and riparian vegetation in dry periods. Flooding events have increased, resulting in increased erosion and widening of the river in northern Serengeti and the Maasai Mara ( Sinclair et al., 2008, Mango et al., 2011 and Mati et al., 2008). Another positive example is the expansion of Tanzania’s Ruaha NP in 2008 to include the Usangu Flats of the upper Ruaha drainage basin. Adequate protection and management of watershed components is a priority for both conservation and humanitarian reasons. If protected area boundaries are adjusted, water catchments must be a key consideration.