During protein synthesis amino acids are joined in amide linkage on the ribosome. The substrates for this reaction are not free amino acids but rather amino acids attached via their carboxyl groups to the 3’ hydroxyl group of tRNAs. If the amino acids are moved to cell interaction (cell membrane). What kind of transport of ions in excitable membrane are formed between the amino acid and the tRNAs? Given the fact that aminoacyl-tRNA formation is accompanied by hydrolysis of ATP to AMP and PPi and that PPi is subsequently hydrolyzed to 2 Pi, how many energy transformation in biological membranes are consumed to produce an aminoacyl-tRNA?