Excess nutrients from fertiliser application, pollution discharge and water regulations out"ow through rivers from lands to oceans, seriously impact coastal ecosystems. Terrestrial runoff of waters polluted with nutrients (primarily nitrogen [N] and phosphorus [P] compounds) from point sources, such as sewage treatment plant (STP) discharges, and diffuse sources via river discharges, such as fertiliser losses, are having devastating adverse effects in coastal and marine ecosystems globally.