During testing, HR was continuously monitored and systolic blood pressure (SBP) measured each minute. ˙VO2 , carbon dioxide output (˙VCO2 ), minute ventilation (˙VE), fraction of end-tidal O2 (FETO2 ), and fraction of end-tidal CO2 (FETCO2 ) were measured on a breath-by-breath basis. Derived parameters such as ˙VE/˙VO2 ,
˙V E/˙VCO2 , and gas exchange ratio (R; ˙VCO2/˙VO2 ) were also monitored simultaneously. The breath-by-breath expired gas data were converted into time-series data every 3 s. Both of the data sets obtained by the RM-300S and CPEX-1 were calculated using the gas analysis software of the CPEX-1, in which the variable moving average
(1–20) can be performed without any other manipulations. The eight-point moving average of data was applied to the calculation for HR and the expiration gas parameters.