A three-pronged investment strategy is needed to transform this sector: promote access
instead of mobility; shift to less harmful modes of transportation; and improve vehicles towards
lower carbon intensity and pollution. A fundamental shift in investment patterns is needed, based
on the principles of avoiding or reducing trips through integrating land-use and transport planning
and enabling more localised production and consumption. Shifting to more environmentally
efficient modes such as public and non-motorised transport (for passenger transport) and to rail and
water transport (for freight) is recommended. Investment in public transport and infrastructure that
promotes walking and cycling generates jobs, improves wellbeing and can add considerable value
to regional and national economies. Improving vehicles and fuels is a priority to reduce urban air
pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Green transport policies will also reduce road accidents and
alleviate poverty by improving access to markets and other essential facilities.