However, in this study, using gravity
for medium renewal without additional gassing resulted in
the lowest values for shoot multiplication (3.4 for the propagation
coefficient) and the final number of shoots harvested
(201; Table 3). Furthermore, the renewal of the atmosphere
inside the culture vessel is more frequent and without requiring
the culture medium which reduces the risk of developing
hyperhydric shoots due to the repeated immersions in TIS
system (Ducos et al. 2008).