Scientific evidence suggests that humans have a biological desire to help others, including strangers. Altruistic behavior towards strangers is uniquely human and observed at a very young age. Dr. Felix ken and Dr. Michael Tomasello Germany's Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology have shown that children as young as 18 months want to help strangers. When their 18-month-old subjects saw a stranger throw a pencil on the floor, none of them picked it up. However, when the same subjects saw someone"accidentally" drop a pencil, nearly all the children picked it up in the first ten seconds. Says Dr. Warneken, "The results were astonishing because these children are so young. They still wear diapers and are barely able to use language, but they already show helping behavior." Because altruistic behavior. appears in ehildren so young, Dr. Warneken and other scientists hypothesize that the human brain is designed to be altruistic.
Mirror Neurons
By using brain scans, neuroscientists are making new discoveries about the biology of the human brain. The recent discovery of mirror neurons in humans leads to scientists' belief that the brain can influence altruistic behavior. Mirror neurons are ordinary brain cells located throughout the brain. They"light up" when a person is performing an action or observing someoneelse doing a similar action. Mirror neurons make us cry when we see someone else cry or smile when someone smiles at us. our mirror neurons actually feel what they feel. They cry and smile along with them.
How, then, can mirror neurons bring about altruistic behavior? By helping us feel what others feel, mirror neurons naturally make us feel compassionate. They allow us to put ourselves in someone else's situation; without them, we would not understand or care about other people's emotions. Would we help hurricane victims? Give moneyto the poor? Save lives? Probably not, says Marco Iacoboni, a leading neuroscientist"We are good because our biology drives us to be good." In other words, mirror neurons seem to prepare us to be altruistic.
Neuroeconomics
Neuroeconomist Bill Harbaugh and his team at the University of Oregon study the biology of altruism. They look specifically at neuroeconomics, or the connection between the brain and economic decisions. In one of their experiments, the researchers tried seeing if people's donations to charity were affected by neurons. Nineteen women were given $100 to play a charity game on the computer. They could choose to donate or not to a charity, each decision leading to other situations where they could gain or lose money. At the end of the game the subjects were able to keep all the money that was left in their accounts.
As the subjects played the game, the scientists scanned their brains. They looked at the brain's"pleasure center," which controls how good people feel. When most subjects donated money to a charity, their pleasure centers lit up on the brain scan. Some even lit up when the subjects were taxed on their donation. Both results suggest that the brain's pleasure center is rewarded for altruistic acts. In addition, the more people donated, the more their pleasure centers lit up. For some, the pleasure center lit up more when the computer gave the charity extra moneythan when they received extra money keep for themselves. The scientists point out that this was"the first neural evidence for... pure altruism," meaning that altruism may indeed have a biological connection.
หลักฐานทางวิทยาศาสตร์ชี้ให้เห็นว่า มนุษย์มีความต้องการทางชีวภาพเพื่อช่วยผู้อื่น รวมถึงคนแปลกหน้า ลักษณะ altruistic ต่อคนแปลกหน้าเป็นมนุษย์ และพบเฉพาะที่อายุยังน้อยมาก เฟลิกซ์ดร.เคนและดร. Michael Tomasello เยอรมนีสูงสุดของพลังค์ สถาบันมานุษยวิทยาวิวัฒนาการได้แสดงที่เด็กเป็น 18 เดือนต้องการช่วยเหลือคนแปลกหน้า เมื่อเรื่องของอายุ 18 เดือนเห็นโยนคนแปลกหน้าดินสอบนพื้น ไม่มีพวกเขารับมัน อย่างไรก็ตาม เมื่อหัวข้อเดียวกันเห็นคน "ตั้งใจ" วางดินสอ เด็กเกือบทุกคนรับได้ในสิบวินาทีแรก กล่าวว่า ดร. Warneken "ผลลัพธ์ได้น่าอัศจรรย์เนื่องจากเด็กเป็นหนุ่มสาวดังนั้น พวกเขายังสวมใส่ผ้าอ้อม และแทบไม่สามารถใช้ภาษา แต่พวกเขาแสดงพฤติกรรมช่วยแล้ว" เนื่องจากลักษณะ altruistic ปรากฏใน ehildren เพื่อเด็ก ดร. Warneken และนักวิทยาศาสตร์อื่น ๆ hypothesize ว่า สมองมนุษย์ถูกออกแบบมาให้ altruisticกระจก Neurons โดยใช้การสแกนสมอง neuroscientists จะทำการค้นพบใหม่เกี่ยวกับชีววิทยาของสมองมนุษย์ การค้นพบล่าสุดของ neurons กระจกในมนุษย์ที่นำไปสู่ความเชื่อของนักวิทยาศาสตร์ที่ว่า สมองสามารถมีอิทธิพลต่อลักษณะ altruistic กระจก neurons อยู่ทั่วสมองเซลล์สมองที่ปกติได้ พวกเขา "สว่างขึ้น" เมื่อผู้ดำเนินการดำเนินการ หรือสังเกต someoneelse ที่ทำการดำเนินการคล้ายกัน Neurons กระจกทำให้เราร้องไห้เมื่อเห็นคนอื่นร้องไห้ หรือยิ้มเมื่อคนยิ้มที่เรา neurons กระจกของเราจะรู้สึกว่าสิ่งที่พวกเขารู้สึก พวกเขาร้อง และยิ้มพร้อมกับพวกเขาHow, then, can mirror neurons bring about altruistic behavior? By helping us feel what others feel, mirror neurons naturally make us feel compassionate. They allow us to put ourselves in someone else's situation; without them, we would not understand or care about other people's emotions. Would we help hurricane victims? Give moneyto the poor? Save lives? Probably not, says Marco Iacoboni, a leading neuroscientist"We are good because our biology drives us to be good." In other words, mirror neurons seem to prepare us to be altruistic.Neuroeconomics Neuroeconomist Bill Harbaugh and his team at the University of Oregon study the biology of altruism. They look specifically at neuroeconomics, or the connection between the brain and economic decisions. In one of their experiments, the researchers tried seeing if people's donations to charity were affected by neurons. Nineteen women were given $100 to play a charity game on the computer. They could choose to donate or not to a charity, each decision leading to other situations where they could gain or lose money. At the end of the game the subjects were able to keep all the money that was left in their accounts.As the subjects played the game, the scientists scanned their brains. They looked at the brain's"pleasure center," which controls how good people feel. When most subjects donated money to a charity, their pleasure centers lit up on the brain scan. Some even lit up when the subjects were taxed on their donation. Both results suggest that the brain's pleasure center is rewarded for altruistic acts. In addition, the more people donated, the more their pleasure centers lit up. For some, the pleasure center lit up more when the computer gave the charity extra moneythan when they received extra money keep for themselves. The scientists point out that this was"the first neural evidence for... pure altruism," meaning that altruism may indeed have a biological connection.
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