Crossword grids such as those appearing in most North American newspapers and magazines feature solid areas of white squares. Every letter is checked, and usually each answer is required to contain at least three letters. In such puzzles shaded squares are traditionally limited to about one-sixth of the design. Crossword grids elsewhere, such as in Britain, South Africa, India and Australia, have a lattice-like structure, with a higher percentage of shaded squares, leaving up to half the letters in an answer unchecked. For example, if the top row has an answer running all the way across, there will be no across answers in the second row.
Another tradition in puzzle design (in North America, India, and Britain particularly) is that the grid should have 180-degree rotational (also known as "radial") symmetry, so that its pattern appears the same if the paper is turned upside down. Most puzzle designs also require that all white cells be orthogonally contiguous (that is, connected in one mass through shared sides, to form a single polyomino).
The design of Japanese crossword grids often follows two additional rules: that shaded cells may not share a side (i.e., that they may not be orthogonally contiguous) and that the corner squares must be white.
The "Swedish-Style" grid (picture crosswords) uses no clue numbers, as the clues are contained in the cells which would normally be shaded in other countries. Arrows indicate in which direction the clues have to be answered, vertical or horizontal. This style of grid is used in several countries other than Sweden, usually in magazines with pages of A4 or similar size, but also in the daily newspapers, covering entire pages. The grid often has one or more photos replacing a block of squares as a clue to one or several answers, for example, the name of a pop star, or some kind of rhyme or phrase that can be associated with the photo. These puzzles usually have no symmetry in the grid and instead often rely on a common theme (literature, music, nature, geography, events of a special year, etc.) as the foundation of the combination of illustrated clues and other blocks of clues.
Substantial variants from the usual forms exist. Two of the common ones are barred crosswords, which use bold lines between squares (instead of shaded squares) to separate answers, and circular designs, with answers entered either radially or in concentric circles. Free form crosswords (criss-cross puzzles), which have simple, asymmetric designs, are often seen on school worksheets, kids' menus, and other entertainment for children. Grids forming shapes other than squares are also occasionally used.
Puzzles are often one of several standard sizes. For example, many weekday puzzles (such as the American New York Times crossword puzzle) are 15×15 squares, while weekend puzzles may be 21×21, 23×23, or 25×25. The New York Times puzzles also set a common pattern for American crosswords by increasing in difficulty throughout the week: the Monday puzzles are the easiest and the puzzles get harder until Saturday. The larger Sunday puzzle is approximately the same level of difficulty as a weekday-size Thursday puzzle.[1] This has led U.S. solvers to use the day of the week as a shorthand when describing how hard a puzzle is: i.e., an easy puzzle may be referred to as a Monday or Tuesday, a medium-difficulty puzzle as a Wednesday, and a truly difficult puzzle as a Saturday. One of the smallest crosswords in general distribution is a 4×4 crossword compiled daily by John Wilmes, distributed online by USA Today as "QuickCross" and by Universal Uclick as "PlayFour."
Typically clues appear outside the grid, divided into an Across list and a Down list; the first cell of each entry contains a number referenced by the clue lists. For example, the answer to a clue labeled "17-Down" is entered with the first letter in the cell numbered "17", proceeding down from there. Numbers are almost never repeated; numbered cells are labeled consecutively, usually from left to right across each row, starting with the top row and proceeding downward. Some Japanese crosswords are numbered from top to bottom down each column, starting with the leftmost column and proceeding right.
Clues: conventions and types[edit]
Orthography[edit]
Capitalization of answer letters is conventionally ignored; crossword puzzles are typically filled in, and their answer sheets are almost universally published in all caps, except in the rare cases of ambigrams. This ensures a proper name can have its initial capital letter checked with a non-capitalizable letter in the intersecting clue. Diacritical markings in foreign loanwords (or foreign-language words appearing in English-language puzzles) are ignored for similar reasons.
Straight or quick[edit]
Some crossword clues, called straight or quick clues, are simple definitions of the answers. Some clues may feature anagrams, and these are usually explicitly described as such. Often, a straight clue is not in itself sufficient to distinguish between several possible answers, either because multiple synonymous answers may fit or because the clue itself is a homonym (e.g., "Lead" as in to be ahead in a contest or "Lead" as in the element), so the solver must make use of checks to establish the correct answer with certainty. For example, the answer to the clue "PC key" for a three-letter answer could be ESC, ALT, TAB, DEL, or INS, so until a check is filled in, giving at least one of the letters, the correct answer cannot be determined.
In most American-style crosswords, the majority of the clues in the puzzle are straight clues,[citation needed] with the remainder being one of the other types described below.
Crossword clues are generally consistent with the solutions. For instance, clues and their solutions should always agree in tense, number, and degree.[2] If a clue is in the past tense, so is the answer: thus "Traveled on horseback" would be a valid clue for the solution RODE, but not for RIDE. Similarly, "Family members" would be a valid clue for AUNTS but not UNCLE, while "More joyful" could clue HAPPIER but not HAPPIEST.
Some clue examples:
Fill-in-the-blank clues are often the easiest in a puzzle and a good place to start solving, e.g., "_____ Boleyn" = ANNE.
"Before and after" clues feature one word that is part of two phrases, often designated with parentheses and brackets, e.g., (Doing [____) keeper] = TIME.
A question mark at the end of clue usually signals that the clue/answer combination involves some sort of pun or wordplay, e.g., "Grateful?" = ASHES, since a grate might be full of them.
Most widely-distributed American crosswords today (e.g., The New York Times, Washington Post, Boston Globe, USA Today, etc.) also contain colloquial answers, i.e., entries in the puzzle grid that try to replicate everyday colloquial language. In such a puzzle one might see phrases such as WHAT'S UP, AS IF, or WHADDYA WANT.
In the hands of any but the most skilled constructors, the constraints of the American-style grid (in which every letter is checked) usually require a fair number of answers not to be dictionary words. As a result, the following ways to clue abbreviations and other non-words, although they can be found in "straight" British crosswords, are much more common in American ones:
Abbreviations, the use of a foreign language, variant spellings, or other unusual word tricks are indicated in the clue. A crossword creator might choose to clue the answer SEN (as in the abbreviation for "senator") as "Washington bigwig: Abbr." or "Member of Cong.", with the abbreviation in the clue indicating that the answer is to be similarly abbreviated.[3] The use of "Var." indicates the answer is a variant spelling (e.g., EMEER instead of EMIR), while the use of foreign language or a foreign place name within the clue indicates that the answer is also in a foreign language. For example, ETE (été, French for "summer") might be clued as "Summer, in the Sorbonne". ROMA could be clued as "Italia's capital", whereas the clue "Italy's capital" would indicate the English spelling Rome.
The eight possible abbreviations for a position on a compass, e.g., NNW (north-northwest) or ESE (east-southeast), occur with some frequency. They can be clued as simply "Compass point", where the desired answer is determined by a combination of logic—since the third letter can be only E or W, and the second letter can be only N or S— and a process of elimination using checks. Alternatively, compass point answers are more frequently clued as "XXX to YYY direction", where XXX and YYY are two place names. For example, SSW might be clued as "New York to Washington DC dir". Similarly, a clue such as "Right on the map" means EAST. A clue could also consist of objects that point a direction, e.g., "vane dir." or "windsock dir.".
Roman numerals, and arithmetic involving them, frequently appear as well; the clue "IV times III" (4×3) would yield XII (12).
In addition, partial answers are allowed in American-style crosswords, where the answer represents part of a longer phrase. For example, the clue "Mind your _____ Qs" gives the answer PSAND (Ps and).
Non-dictionary phrases are also allowed in answers. Thus, the clue "Mocked" could result in the grid entry LAUGHED AT.
กริดฟีเช่นที่ปรากฏในหนังสือพิมพ์และนิตยสารส่วนใหญ่อเมริกาเหนือคุณลักษณะทึบพื้นที่ของสี่เหลี่ยมสีขาว มีการตรวจสอบทุกตัวอักษร และโดยปกติแต่ละคำตอบจะต้องประกอบด้วยตัวอักษรน้อยสาม ในปริศนาเช่น สี่เหลี่ยมที่แรเงาเป็นประเพณีจำกัดประมาณหนึ่งหกของการออกแบบ ฟีกริดอื่น ๆ เช่นในสหราชอาณาจักร แอฟริกาใต้ อินเดีย และ ออสเตรเลีย มีโครงสร้างคล้ายโครงตาข่ายประกอบ มีเปอร์เซ็นต์สูงของสี่เหลี่ยมสีเทา ออกถึงครึ่งตัวอักษรในคำตอบที่ไม่ได้ตรวจสอบ ตัวอย่าง ถ้าคำตอบที่ใช้ไปทั้งหมดในแถวบนสุด มีการข้ามคำตอบในแถวสองไม่ประเพณีอื่นในปริศนา (ในอเมริกาเหนือ อินเดีย และสหราชอาณาจักรโดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่ง) คือ ตารางควรมี 180 องศาในการหมุน (หรือที่เรียกว่า "รัศมี") สมมาตร เพื่อให้รูปแบบปรากฏว่าถ้ากระดาษคว่ำ ออกแบบปริศนาส่วนใหญ่ยังต้องการที่เซลล์สีขาวทั้งหมดเป็น orthogonally ติดกัน (นั่นคือ เชื่อมต่อในหนึ่งมวลผ่านด้านที่ใช้ร่วมกัน ไป polyomino เดียว)แบบกริดฟีญี่ปุ่นมักตามกฎสองเพิ่มเติม: ที่แรเงาเซลล์อาจไม่ร่วมด้าน (เช่น ว่าพวกเขาอาจไม่ติดกัน orthogonally) และที่มุมสี่เหลี่ยมต้องเป็นสีขาวThe "Swedish-Style" grid (picture crosswords) uses no clue numbers, as the clues are contained in the cells which would normally be shaded in other countries. Arrows indicate in which direction the clues have to be answered, vertical or horizontal. This style of grid is used in several countries other than Sweden, usually in magazines with pages of A4 or similar size, but also in the daily newspapers, covering entire pages. The grid often has one or more photos replacing a block of squares as a clue to one or several answers, for example, the name of a pop star, or some kind of rhyme or phrase that can be associated with the photo. These puzzles usually have no symmetry in the grid and instead often rely on a common theme (literature, music, nature, geography, events of a special year, etc.) as the foundation of the combination of illustrated clues and other blocks of clues.Substantial variants from the usual forms exist. Two of the common ones are barred crosswords, which use bold lines between squares (instead of shaded squares) to separate answers, and circular designs, with answers entered either radially or in concentric circles. Free form crosswords (criss-cross puzzles), which have simple, asymmetric designs, are often seen on school worksheets, kids' menus, and other entertainment for children. Grids forming shapes other than squares are also occasionally used.Puzzles are often one of several standard sizes. For example, many weekday puzzles (such as the American New York Times crossword puzzle) are 15×15 squares, while weekend puzzles may be 21×21, 23×23, or 25×25. The New York Times puzzles also set a common pattern for American crosswords by increasing in difficulty throughout the week: the Monday puzzles are the easiest and the puzzles get harder until Saturday. The larger Sunday puzzle is approximately the same level of difficulty as a weekday-size Thursday puzzle.[1] This has led U.S. solvers to use the day of the week as a shorthand when describing how hard a puzzle is: i.e., an easy puzzle may be referred to as a Monday or Tuesday, a medium-difficulty puzzle as a Wednesday, and a truly difficult puzzle as a Saturday. One of the smallest crosswords in general distribution is a 4×4 crossword compiled daily by John Wilmes, distributed online by USA Today as "QuickCross" and by Universal Uclick as "PlayFour."Typically clues appear outside the grid, divided into an Across list and a Down list; the first cell of each entry contains a number referenced by the clue lists. For example, the answer to a clue labeled "17-Down" is entered with the first letter in the cell numbered "17", proceeding down from there. Numbers are almost never repeated; numbered cells are labeled consecutively, usually from left to right across each row, starting with the top row and proceeding downward. Some Japanese crosswords are numbered from top to bottom down each column, starting with the leftmost column and proceeding right.เบาะแส: ประชุมและชนิด [แก้ไข]Orthography [แก้ไข]ดีจะละเว้นตัวพิมพ์ใหญ่ของอักษรคำตอบ โดยทั่วไปจะเติมปริศนาอักษรไขว้ และแผ่นงานการตอบของตนเกือบแบบเผยแพร่ในตัวพิมพ์ใหญ่ทั้งหมด ยกเว้นในบางกรณีของ ambigrams แก่ชื่อเฉพาะสามารถมีตัวอักษรมีตัวอักษรไม่ capitalizable ในปมอินเตอร์เซกกัน เครื่องหมายกำกับในต่างประเทศ loanwords (หรือคำภาษาต่างประเทศที่ปรากฏในปริศนาภาษาอังกฤษ) จะถูกละเว้นด้วยเหตุผลคล้ายกันตรง หรือด่วน [แก้ไข]บางปมไขว้ เรียกปมตรง หรือด่วน เรื่องคำนิยามของคำตอบได้ บางปมอาจคุณลักษณะ anagrams และเหล่านี้คือมักจะอธิบายไว้อย่างชัดเจนเช่น มักจะ ตั้งใจตรงไม่อยู่ในตัวเองเพียงพอที่จะแยกแยะระหว่างหลายคำตอบเป็นไปได้ เนื่อง จากหลายคำตอบที่พ้องอาจพอดี หรือเนื่องจากปมนั้น homonym กับ (เช่น, "นำ" ในการจะเจริญก้าวหน้าในการประกวดหรือการ "นำ" ในองค์ประกอบ), ดังนั้นโปรแกรมการแก้ปัญหาต้องทำการตรวจสอบสร้างคำตอบที่ถูกต้องกับความแน่นอน ตัว คำตอบปม "พีซี" รหัสสำหรับคำตอบที่สามตัวอย่าง ESC, ALT แท็บ DEL หรือ อิน ดังนั้นจนกว่าเครื่องจะถูกกรอก ให้อย่างน้อย 1 ตัว ไม่กำหนดคำตอบที่ถูกต้องในปริศนาอักษรไขว้สไตล์อเมริกันส่วนใหญ่ ส่วนใหญ่ปมในปริศนาได้ตรงปม , [ต้องการอ้างอิง] กับส่วนเหลือเป็นหนึ่งชนิดอื่น ๆ ที่อธิบายไว้ด้านล่างปมไขว้กันโดยทั่วไปกับโซลูชั่น ตัวอย่าง ปมและโซลูชันควรเสมอกันในกาล หมายเลข และปริญญา [2] ถ้าตั้งใจในอดีตกาล ดังนั้นเป็นคำตอบที่: ดัง "เดินบนหลังม้า" จะตั้งใจถูกต้อง สำหรับโซลูชันขี่ แต่ สำหรับขี่ไม่ ในทำนองเดียวกัน "ครอบครัวสมาชิก" จะตั้งใจถูกต้อง AUNTS แต่ลุงไม่ ในขณะที่ "สนุกสนานมากขึ้น" สามารถ clue HAPPIER แต่สุขไม่อย่างตั้งใจ:เติม-in-the-ว่างปมมักง่ายที่สุดในปริศนาและต้องเริ่มต้นการแก้ เช่น "___โบลีน" =แอนน์ปม "ก่อน และหลัง" คำหนึ่งคุณลักษณะที่เป็นส่วนหนึ่งของวลีสอง มักจะถูกระบุ ด้วยเครื่องหมายวงเล็บและวงเล็บ เช่น, (ทำ [___) ผู้รักษา] =เวลาเครื่องหมายคำถามท้ายปมมักจะสัญญาณที่ ชุดปม/คำตอบเกี่ยวข้องกับบางจัดเรียงของเตาปูนหรือ wordplay เช่น "Grateful " =ขี้เถ้า ตั้งแต่ grate อาจเต็มของพวกเขาสุดกันกระจายอเมริกันปริศนาอักษรไขว้วันนี้ (เช่น นิวยอร์ก วอชิงตันโพสต์ โลก Boston, USA Today ฯลฯ) นอกจากนี้ประกอบด้วยคำตอบภาษา เช่น รายการในตารางปริศนาที่พยายามจำลองภาษาทุกภาษา ในปริศนาดังกล่าว หนึ่งอาจเห็นวลีเป็นสาย เป็น IF หรือ WHADDYA ต้องการIn the hands of any but the most skilled constructors, the constraints of the American-style grid (in which every letter is checked) usually require a fair number of answers not to be dictionary words. As a result, the following ways to clue abbreviations and other non-words, although they can be found in "straight" British crosswords, are much more common in American ones:Abbreviations, the use of a foreign language, variant spellings, or other unusual word tricks are indicated in the clue. A crossword creator might choose to clue the answer SEN (as in the abbreviation for "senator") as "Washington bigwig: Abbr." or "Member of Cong.", with the abbreviation in the clue indicating that the answer is to be similarly abbreviated.[3] The use of "Var." indicates the answer is a variant spelling (e.g., EMEER instead of EMIR), while the use of foreign language or a foreign place name within the clue indicates that the answer is also in a foreign language. For example, ETE (été, French for "summer") might be clued as "Summer, in the Sorbonne". ROMA could be clued as "Italia's capital", whereas the clue "Italy's capital" would indicate the English spelling Rome.The eight possible abbreviations for a position on a compass, e.g., NNW (north-northwest) or ESE (east-southeast), occur with some frequency. They can be clued as simply "Compass point", where the desired answer is determined by a combination of logic—since the third letter can be only E or W, and the second letter can be only N or S— and a process of elimination using checks. Alternatively, compass point answers are more frequently clued as "XXX to YYY direction", where XXX and YYY are two place names. For example, SSW might be clued as "New York to Washington DC dir". Similarly, a clue such as "Right on the map" means EAST. A clue could also consist of objects that point a direction, e.g., "vane dir." or "windsock dir.".Roman numerals, and arithmetic involving them, frequently appear as well; the clue "IV times III" (4×3) would yield XII (12).
In addition, partial answers are allowed in American-style crosswords, where the answer represents part of a longer phrase. For example, the clue "Mind your _____ Qs" gives the answer PSAND (Ps and).
Non-dictionary phrases are also allowed in answers. Thus, the clue "Mocked" could result in the grid entry LAUGHED AT.
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