Modernization and Human Rights
• Modernization provided the subordinated people with the opportunity to break hegemony
(Vandergeest 1993).
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• The idea of individual human rights provided people to oppose dominant ideology.
• With the claim of universal rights, everyday resistance has come to contest not only at local
level but also at global level.
Theory of Power and Knowledge
• Michael Foucault (1980, 1982, for example) argues that knowledge is one of the sources of
power.
• It means that after enlightenment, “knowledge” became a new form of control and
domination.
Figure 3. Theory of Power and Knowledge
• For example, Escobar (1984) says that the Western effective domination over the 'Third
World' became possible through new forms of power and knowledge.
• It is called western discourse of development.
• That is, since 1945 the Western 'developed' countries regarded the 'Third World' as
'underdeveloped' and have managed and controlled it effectively.
• It means that, even you are “subordinate” people today, if you gain enough appropriate
knowledge, you will gain power such as leadership in the society.
• Likewise, subordinate people are often see passive or victims, in fact they are active
character especially when they gained appropriate knowledge.
Type of Social Movement
Type of Social Movement
• There are mainly two types of social movement: (1) (traditional) social movement and (2)
“new” social movement.
• For (traditional) social movement, the source of struggles bases on class difference, or a
question toward imperialism.
Figure 4. French Revolution
Figure 5. Civil Rights for the Black People
Figure 6. India’s Movement for Independence