In the Western world, the birthday of Jesus Christ has been
celebrated on December 25th since AD 354, replacing an earlier date of
January 6th. The Christians had by then appropriated many pagan
festivals and traditions of the season, that were practiced in many
parts of the Middle East and Europe, as a means of stamping them out.
There were mid-winter festivals in ancient Babylon and Egypt, and
Germanic fertility festivals also took place at this time. The birth of
the ancient sun-god Attis in Phrygia was celebrated on December 25th, as
was the birth of the Persian sun-god, Mithras. The Romans celebrated
Saturnalia, a festival dedicated to Saturn, the god of peace and plenty,
that ran from the 17th to 24th of December. Public gathering places
were decorated with flowers, gifts and candles were exchanged and the
population, slaves and masters alike, celebrated the occasion with great
enthusiasm.
In Scandinavia, a period of festivities known as Yule contributed
another impetus to celebration, as opposed to spirituality. As Winter
ended the growing season, the opportunity of enjoying the Summer's
bounty encouraged much feasting and merriment.
The Celtic culture of the British Isles revered all green plants, but
particularly mistletoe and holly. These were important symbols of
fertility and were used for decorating their homes and altars.
New Christmas customs appeared in the Middle Ages. The most prominent
contribution was the carol, which by the 14th century had become
associated with the religious observance of the birth of Christ.
In Italy, a tradition developed for re-enacting the birth of Christ
and the construction of scenes of the nativity. This is said to have
been introduced by Saint Francis as part of his efforts to bring
spiritual knowledge to the laity.
Saints Days have also contributed to our Christmas celebrations. A
prominent figure in today's Christmas is Saint Nicholas who for
centuries has been honored on December 6th. He was one of the
forerunners of Santa Claus.
Another popular ritual was the burning of the Yule Log, which is
strongly embedded in the pagan worship of vegetation and fire, as well
as being associated with magical and spiritual powers.
Celebrating Christmas has been controversial since its inception.
Since numerous festivities found their roots in pagan practices, they
were greatly frowned upon by conservatives within the Church. The
feasting, gift-giving and frequent excesses presented a drastic contrast
with the simplicity of the Nativity, and many people throughout the
centuries and into the present, condemn such practices as being contrary
to the true spirit of Christmas.