Clearly, spherical coordinates and spherical trigonometry are essential tools for the mathematical
manipulations of coordinates of objects on the celestial sphere. Similarly, for global terrestrial
coordinates, the early map makers used spherical coordinates, although, today, we rarely use
these for terrestrial systems except with justified approximations. It is useful to review the polar
spherical coordinates, according to Figure 1.1, where θ is the co-latitude (angle from the pole),
λ is the longitude (angle from the x-axis), and r is radial distance of a point. Sometimes the
latitude, φ , is used instead of the co-latitude – but we reserve φ for the "geodetic latitude"
(Figure 2.5) and use ψ instead to mean "geocentric" latitude.
Clearly, spherical coordinates and spherical trigonometry are essential tools for the mathematicalmanipulations of coordinates of objects on the celestial sphere. Similarly, for global terrestrialcoordinates, the early map makers used spherical coordinates, although, today, we rarely usethese for terrestrial systems except with justified approximations. It is useful to review the polarspherical coordinates, according to Figure 1.1, where θ is the co-latitude (angle from the pole),λ is the longitude (angle from the x-axis), and r is radial distance of a point. Sometimes thelatitude, φ , is used instead of the co-latitude – but we reserve φ for the "geodetic latitude"(Figure 2.5) and use ψ instead to mean "geocentric" latitude.
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