The foreign derivatives contracts were made without proper authorisation and adequate evaluation of its potential risk exposure. Chang, the Group’s Finance Director, did not follow CP’s hedging policy: he failed to adhere to standard procedures of obtaining prior approval of the Chairman before committing to contracts. Furthermore, monitoring mechanisms failed to serve their purpose. The Group Financial Controller’s purpose as a check and balance fell through when Group Financial Controller Chau Chi Yin did not notify the Chairman of any unusual hedging transactions.