Low-flow plumbing fixtures and retrofit programs are permanent, one-time conservation measures that
can be implemented with little or no additional cost over the lifetime of the fixtures. In some cases, these
fixtures can even save the residents money over the long term. The most commonly recommended
low-flow plumbing fixtures are pressure reduction devices, faucet aerators, toilet displacement devices,
low-flush toilets, low-flow showerheads, and plumbing modifications for gray water reuse. A typical
breakdown of residential water use is shown in Figure 42.