Sammons et al. (1995) and Reynolds et al. (1996) identify eleven factors of effective schools:
• shared leadership (firm purposeful, participative - the leading professional);
• shared vision and goals (unity of purpose, consistency of practice, collegiality and collaboration);
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• a learning environment (an orderly atmosphere and attractive environment);
• concentration on teaching and learning (maximisation of learning time, academic emphasis, focus on achievement);
• high expectations (all round, clear communication of expectations, providing intellectual challenge);
• positive reinforcement (clear and fair discipline, feedback);
• monitoring progress (monitoring pupil performance, evaluating school performance);
• pupil rights and responsibilities (high pupil self-esteem, positions of responsibility, control of work);
• purposeful teaching (efficient organisation, clarity of purpose, structured lessons, adaptive practice);
• a learning organisation (school-based staff development);
• home-school partnership (parental involvement).