Written language is harder to learn than oral
Learning an alphabetic writing system requires extra work. Both spoken and written language are symbol systems for representing and retrieving meanings. In spoken language, meaning making depends on phonemes or sounds. As children gain experience with the language of their community, they learn which words (or sequences of phonemes) stand for which concepts in that language. For example, children learn that the spoken word table in English or mesa in Spanish names a four-legged , flat-topped piece of furniture.
Writing and reading with an alphabetic system involve an extra layer of symbols, where the phonemes are represented by letters This means that beginners must both learn the extra symbols—the letters of the alphabet--and raise their consciousness of the pho memes (because, while speaking and understanding speech, we unconsciously sequence and contrast phonemes).
Speakers, for example, understand the two very different concepts named by the words nail and lane without consciously noticing that those words are constructed from the same three phonemes (/n/,/A/, and /I/), but in different sequences. When children learn to read, however, they must pay attention to those three phonemes, how they are sequenced, and what letters represent them.
Invented spelling is a phonemic awareness activity that has the added advantage of being meaningful and functional (Richgels 2001). Children nonconventionally but systematically match sounds in words that they want to write with letters that they know. For example, they may use letter names and sounds in letter names (/ch/ in H, /Al as the name of the letter A, and /r/ in R) when spelling chair as HAR.
Invented spelling begins before children's phonemic awareness is completely developed and before they know all the names of the letters of the alphabet.
With encouragement from adults, it develops through stages that culminate in conventional spelling.
The meanings of both spoken and written language serve real purposes in our daily lives (Halliday 1975). We usually do not speak without wanting to accomplish something useful. For example, we might want to influence others' behavior (“Would you turn that down, please?) express our feelings ("I hate loud music"), or convey information (“Habitual listening to loud music is a danger to one's hearing?) Similarly, with written messages we can influence behavior (NOSMOKING), express feelings (I LOVE NY), and inform (Boston 24 mi) while serving such added purposes as communicating across distances or preserving a message as a record or a reminder.
These added purposes require that written messages be able to stand on their own (Olson 1977 Written language is decontextual- ized; that is, the sender and re- ceiver of a written communication usually do not share the same time and space. The writer is not present to clarify and extend his or her message for the reader. This means that young readers' and writers' extra work includes, in addition to dealing with phonemes and letters dealing with decontextualization.
Why do the extra work?
Historically, societies have found the extra work of writing and reading to be worthwhile. The extra functions of written language, especially preserving messages and communicating across distances, have enabled a tremendous growth of knowledge. Individual children can experience similar benefits if teachers help them to acquire the and skill Involved in the extra work of reading and writing while always making real to them the extra purposes that written serves, We must cultivate their dispositions (curiosity, desire, play) to actively seek, explore, and use books and print. As they learn what letters look like and how they match up with phonemes, which strings of letters represent which words, and how to represent their meanings in print and retrieveothers' meanings from print, they must see also how the fruits of those labors empower them by multiplying the functionality of language. With speech, children can influence the behavior of others, ex- press their feelings, and convey information. A big part of motivating them to take on the extra work of reading and writing must be let- ting them see how the permanence and portability of writing can widen the scope of that influencing, ex- pressing, and informing. Young children who can say "No! Don't!" experience the power of spoken words to influence what others do or don't do but only when the speakers are present. Being able to write No extends the exercise of that power to situations in which they are not present, as morning kindergartners Eric, Jeff, Zack, and Ben realized when they wrote NO SPN (No stepping) to keep after- noon kindergartners from disturbing a large dinosaur puzzle they had assembled on the classroom floor (McGee & Richgels 2000, 233-34).
Written language is decontextualized; that is, the der and receiver of a written communication usually do not share the sam
Written language is harder to learn than oral Learning an alphabetic writing system requires extra work. Both spoken and written language are symbol systems for representing and retrieving meanings. In spoken language, meaning making depends on phonemes or sounds. As children gain experience with the language of their community, they learn which words (or sequences of phonemes) stand for which concepts in that language. For example, children learn that the spoken word table in English or mesa in Spanish names a four-legged , flat-topped piece of furniture. Writing and reading with an alphabetic system involve an extra layer of symbols, where the phonemes are represented by letters This means that beginners must both learn the extra symbols—the letters of the alphabet--and raise their consciousness of the pho memes (because, while speaking and understanding speech, we unconsciously sequence and contrast phonemes). Speakers, for example, understand the two very different concepts named by the words nail and lane without consciously noticing that those words are constructed from the same three phonemes (/n/,/A/, and /I/), but in different sequences. When children learn to read, however, they must pay attention to those three phonemes, how they are sequenced, and what letters represent them. Invented spelling is a phonemic awareness activity that has the added advantage of being meaningful and functional (Richgels 2001). Children nonconventionally but systematically match sounds in words that they want to write with letters that they know. For example, they may use letter names and sounds in letter names (/ch/ in H, /Al as the name of the letter A, and /r/ in R) when spelling chair as HAR. Invented spelling begins before children's phonemic awareness is completely developed and before they know all the names of the letters of the alphabet.
With encouragement from adults, it develops through stages that culminate in conventional spelling.
The meanings of both spoken and written language serve real purposes in our daily lives (Halliday 1975). We usually do not speak without wanting to accomplish something useful. For example, we might want to influence others' behavior (“Would you turn that down, please?) express our feelings ("I hate loud music"), or convey information (“Habitual listening to loud music is a danger to one's hearing?) Similarly, with written messages we can influence behavior (NOSMOKING), express feelings (I LOVE NY), and inform (Boston 24 mi) while serving such added purposes as communicating across distances or preserving a message as a record or a reminder.
These added purposes require that written messages be able to stand on their own (Olson 1977 Written language is decontextual- ized; that is, the sender and re- ceiver of a written communication usually do not share the same time and space. The writer is not present to clarify and extend his or her message for the reader. This means that young readers' and writers' extra work includes, in addition to dealing with phonemes and letters dealing with decontextualization.
Why do the extra work?
Historically, societies have found the extra work of writing and reading to be worthwhile. The extra functions of written language, especially preserving messages and communicating across distances, have enabled a tremendous growth of knowledge. Individual children can experience similar benefits if teachers help them to acquire the and skill Involved in the extra work of reading and writing while always making real to them the extra purposes that written serves, We must cultivate their dispositions (curiosity, desire, play) to actively seek, explore, and use books and print. As they learn what letters look like and how they match up with phonemes, which strings of letters represent which words, and how to represent their meanings in print and retrieveothers' meanings from print, they must see also how the fruits of those labors empower them by multiplying the functionality of language. With speech, children can influence the behavior of others, ex- press their feelings, and convey information. A big part of motivating them to take on the extra work of reading and writing must be let- ting them see how the permanence and portability of writing can widen the scope of that influencing, ex- pressing, and informing. Young children who can say "No! Don't!" experience the power of spoken words to influence what others do or don't do but only when the speakers are present. Being able to write No extends the exercise of that power to situations in which they are not present, as morning kindergartners Eric, Jeff, Zack, and Ben realized when they wrote NO SPN (No stepping) to keep after- noon kindergartners from disturbing a large dinosaur puzzle they had assembled on the classroom floor (McGee & Richgels 2000, 233-34).
Written language is decontextualized; that is, the der and receiver of a written communication usually do not share the sam
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