So what are we to conclude from these results? First, although Africa has opened up very substantially, it has not made a breakthrough into the international economy outside the range of commodities that it already produced. Investment has not increased much, which is an indication that the African continent still is regarded as a high-risk environment. This is also reflected in the continued low levels of African credit-worthiness in the eyes of foreign inventors (see Table 10), although some countries that have pursued successful programmes have managed to improve their rat- ings substantially.