All data from 1 steer from all periods were removed
because this steer did not exhibit normal digestive
function. This steer had low ruminal (−1%) and total
tract (71%) DM digestibilities, increased ruminal
pH (6.4), and reduced ruminal VFA concentration (69
mM) compared with other steers in this experiment.
Data related to duodenal flow for 1 steer fed the control
diet in a single period were excluded because of an apparent
marker failure (negative ruminal digestion). All
observations from another steer fed the control diet in
a single period were excluded because of negative ruminal
DM digestion as well as unusual urea kinetics (very
large urea entry rates).
Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure
(SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). For variables without repeated
sampling, terms in the model included treatment
and period, and steer was included as a random
effect. Model terms for fermentation profile variables